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Questions and Answers
What does the 'D' in the DCR System stand for?
What does the 'D' in the DCR System stand for?
Which process allows a performer to focus on relevant information while disregarding unimportant details?
Which process allows a performer to focus on relevant information while disregarding unimportant details?
What is the primary benefit of engaging in relevant practice?
What is the primary benefit of engaging in relevant practice?
Which step involves comparing the current situation to past experiences?
Which step involves comparing the current situation to past experiences?
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What does feedback contribute to in the decision-making process?
What does feedback contribute to in the decision-making process?
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What is the primary difference between reaction time and response time?
What is the primary difference between reaction time and response time?
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Which of the following factors is least likely to impact reaction time?
Which of the following factors is least likely to impact reaction time?
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What does Hick's Law state about decision-making time?
What does Hick's Law state about decision-making time?
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In the context of single channel hypothesis, what does it suggest about stimulus processing?
In the context of single channel hypothesis, what does it suggest about stimulus processing?
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What is meant by the psychological refractory period?
What is meant by the psychological refractory period?
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How does spatial anticipation affect a performer's reaction time?
How does spatial anticipation affect a performer's reaction time?
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What type of reaction time requires decision making?
What type of reaction time requires decision making?
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What can happen if anticipation is incorrect?
What can happen if anticipation is incorrect?
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What is the role of selective attention in response selection?
What is the role of selective attention in response selection?
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Which part of Whiting's model is responsible for executing decisions?
Which part of Whiting's model is responsible for executing decisions?
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What type of feedback is received through proprioceptors?
What type of feedback is received through proprioceptors?
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How long does short-term memory retain information deemed worthy of attention?
How long does short-term memory retain information deemed worthy of attention?
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What does schema theory explain about sports performers?
What does schema theory explain about sports performers?
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What is the primary function of the translatory mechanisms in response selection?
What is the primary function of the translatory mechanisms in response selection?
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Which component of Welford's model handles decision-making?
Which component of Welford's model handles decision-making?
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What is the capacity range of short-term memory according to the content provided?
What is the capacity range of short-term memory according to the content provided?
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Study Notes
Reaction Time and Response Time
- Reaction time is the time between a stimulus and the start of a movement.
- Response time is the time it takes to process information and then make a response.
- Factors affecting reaction time include anticipation, experience, age, and fatigue.
Simple Reaction Time vs Choice Reaction Time
- Simple reaction time involves a stimulus and a predetermined response, with no decision making.
- Choice reaction time involves decision making or processing.
- Hick's Law states that the time to make a decision increases as the number of choices increases.
Single Channel Hypothesis
- The Single Channel Hypothesis proposes that only one stimulus can be processed at a time, resulting in a single response. This means information is processed sequentially.
Psychological Refractory Period
- The Psychological Refractory Period is the delay in responding to a second stimulus due to the first stimulus still being processed.
Anticipation
- Skilled performers can anticipate events and process information before they happen, which can save time.
- Spatial anticipation involves setting a movement pattern in advance.
- Temporal anticipation involves predicting when an event will happen.
- Incorrect anticipation can lengthen reaction time due to the Psychological Refractory Period.
Information Processing
- Input refers to information received from the environment.
- Decision making involves recognizing, perceiving, and using memory to select a response.
- Output is the response the performer makes.
- Feedback is the result of the response, which becomes part of the input for future decision making.
Perception (Stimulus Identification)
- Performers must interpret relevant information from the environment.
- The DCR system consists of:
- Detection: Being aware of something notable.
- Comparison: Comparing the current situation with past experiences.
- Recognition: Realizing that a response is needed.
Selective Attention
- Selective attention involves filtering relevant information from a stream of sensory input.
- This information is processed in short-term memory (STM), allowing for conscious analysis.
- Through practice, some tasks become automatic, freeing up attentional capacity.
Response Selection and Programming
- Response selection involves choosing the appropriate response after relevant information is identified.
- Response programming involves selecting the motor program needed to execute the response.
Whiting's Model
- Input data from display: Information from the environment.
- Receptor systems: Sensory organs that receive information.
- Perceptual mechanisms: Parts of the brain that perceive the surroundings.
- Translatory mechanisms: Parts of the brain that process information and make decisions.
- Effector mechanisms: Parts of the brain that send messages to the body.
- Muscular system: Executes the movement.
- Output: The resulting movement.
- Feedback: Information about the movement, used to adjust future performance.
Welfords' Model
- Display: External environment.
- Perceptual mechanism: Perceives the surroundings.
- Decision mechanism: Makes decisions.
- Effector mechanism: Sends messages to limbs.
- Intrinsic feedback: Feedback from the body's proprioceptors.
- Extrinsic feedback: External feedback from the result of an action.
Short-Term Sensory Storage (STSS), Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- STSS: Receives information for a brief period before transferring to STM.
- STM: Holds information for about 20-30 seconds. Capacity is limited to 4-9 items, improved by chunking.
- LTM: Holds information for long periods. Capacity is unlimited but requires a retrieval code.
Schema Theory
- Explains how performers can execute skills with little conscious control.
- Recall schema: Contains information needed to initiate movements.
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Description
Explore the concepts of reaction time and response time, and understand the differences between simple and choice reaction times. This quiz covers factors influencing reaction times, Hick's Law, the Single Channel Hypothesis, and the Psychological Refractory Period. Test your knowledge on these important psychological processes.
