18 Questions
What is the causative agent of the Spanish Flu that occurred from 1918-1920?
Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza Virus)
What is the causative agent of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome or MERS?
Coronavirus
How is the Spanish Flu primarily transmitted?
Airborne transmission
Where did the first outbreak of Ebola occur?
Democratic Republic of Congo
Which virus is known as 'Camel Flu'?
MERS-CoV
Which preventive measure is specifically recommended for Influenza?
Getting vaccinated
What are the drugs typically used in the treatment of Tuberculosis as mentioned in the text?
Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
What is the primary mode of transmission of MERS-CoV to humans?
Consuming infected meat or drinking camel urine
What is XDR-TB (Extensively drug-resistant TB) resistant to?
Isoniazid, Rifampin, and bedaquiline
Which period marks the resolution of symptoms and the ability to return to normal functions for a person infected with influenza?
Period of Convalescence
Which mosquito species is associated with the transmission of MERS in urban areas?
Aedes aegypti
Which type of Influenza virus caused the Spanish Flu pandemic?
H1N1
During which stage of influenza is the immune system successful in defending against the pathogens?
2nd Semester: Midterms
When was the peak period for Ebola outbreaks?
1977-2014
What is the framework for understanding the causes and transmission of infectious diseases called?
Epidemiologic Triangle
What is the capability of an agent to cause disease in a susceptible host called?
Pathogenicity
What can happen if a person with influenza develops secondary infections during the 2nd Semester: Midterms stage?
Permanent damage
Which period in influenza is characterized by symptoms occurring and subsiding within 3 months, with recovery usually complete?
Period of Illness
Study Notes
Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
- Re-emerging infectious diseases are those that were once major health problems globally or in a particular country, declined, but are again becoming health problems for a significant proportion of the population.
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
- Causative agent: Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
- Transmission: Camels (infected meat, drinking urine), Bats (feces), Humans (droplet)
- Prevention: Travel restrictions to Middle Eastern and North African countries, Vaccines, Insect repellent, Protective clothing
- Origin: Saudi Arabia, 2012
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola)
- Causative agent: Ebola Virus (Zaire Ebola Virus)
- Transmission: Humans (close contact), Eating bush meat of suspected infected animals
- Prevention: Reduce wildlife exposure
- Origin: African countries, 1st outbreak: Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), 2nd outbreak: South Sudan, Peak: 1977-2014
Malaria
- Causative agent: Plasmodium spp
- Transmission: Mosquito bites (Anopheles minimus flavirostris)
- Prevention: Medicine, Insect repellent, Protective clothing
Tuberculosis
- Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Transmission: Airborne, Close contact
- Prevention: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine
- Treatment:
- Intensive Phase: 1st two months of treatment
- Maintenance Phase: 3rd to 6th month of treatment
- Medicines: Rifampin (R), Isoniazid (I), Pyrazinamide (P), Ethambutol (E)
- Variants:
- MDR-TB: Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis, Resistant to: Isoniazid, Rifampin
- XDR-TB: Extensively drug-resistant TB, Resistant to: Isoniazid, Rifampin, and a second-line injectable (amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin) or Isoniazid, Rifampin, and bedaquiline or linezolid
Influenza/ Flu
- Causative agent: Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza Virus)
- Transmission: Close contact
- Prevention: Vaccines, PPEs
- Notable outbreak: Spanish Flu, 1918-1920
Test your knowledge on re-emerging infectious diseases that were once major health problems but are now becoming significant health concerns again. This quiz covers topics like Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Dengue, and the causative agents behind these diseases.
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