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What is an emerging infectious disease?
What is the process of transfer of a disease from one species to another?
Which of the following is a contributory factor to the emergence of infectious diseases?
What is a consequence of international public health programs?
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How does air travel contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?
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What is a result of climate change in relation to infectious diseases?
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What is a result of suburban development in relation to disease outbreaks?
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What is a consequence of extreme weather patterns from natural fluctuations or man-made changes?
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What is a characteristic of Dengue Fever?
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What is a consequence of a person being infected with Dengue Fever multiple times?
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How many people are vulnerable to Dengue Fever?
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What is the impact of urbanization on the spread of Dengue Fever?
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What percentage of the population lived in cities by 2025?
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What is the name of the disease that spreads rapidly across borders due to increased travel?
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What is the primary factor that allows the rapid spread of emerging diseases?
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In which year was the coronavirus identified as the official cause of SARS?
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What type of animals were found to carry the SARS coronavirus?
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What is the main reason for the rise of antibiotic resistance?
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What is the primary purpose of antibiotics in livestock?
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What is the main difference between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA?
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What is the primary risk factor for MRSA infection in patients?
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What is the primary transmission method of MRSA in hospitals?
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What is the characteristic of CA-MRSA infections?
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Where have MRSA bacteria been found in Florida?
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Which of the following populations is at a higher risk of getting infected with MRSA?
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Why does Maryland not have an accurate count of MRSA cases?
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What led to a decline in infectious diseases in the 18th and 19th centuries?
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What has contributed to the resurgence of infectious diseases?
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Where are people more likely to be infected with MRSA?
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Study Notes
Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Emerging infectious diseases are diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased over the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future.
- They can be novel, re-emerging, or spreading beyond their historic range.
- Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases include ecological changes, human demographic changes, travel, technology and industry, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures.
Ecological Changes
- Aggressive and suburban development has led to an increase in human-animal interactions, expanding the habitable range of vectors and pathogens.
- Climate change has led to extreme weather patterns, resulting in disease outbreaks.
- El Niño has been linked to outbreaks of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.
Dengue Fever
- Dengue fever is a severe, urban, tropical disease characterized by severe body aches and pains, and can lead to hemorrhagic fever.
- There are four antigenically distinct viral serotypes, with no protective cross-immunity.
- Over 3 billion people are vulnerable, with 80-100 million cases annually.
- The incidence of dengue fever has increased 30-fold from 1960 to 2010.
Human Demographic Changes
- Urbanization has led to increased population density in urban areas, surpassing basic services such as clean water supplies, sanitary conditions, and adequate housing.
- Public health measures in overcrowded cities are strained or unavailable.
Travel
- Travel is a significant factor in the rapid spread of emerging diseases.
- Increased economic activity across international boundaries has led to increased travel.
- Diseases are no longer confined to geographical boundaries.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- SARS is a near pandemic that emerged in 2002-2003, with a mortality rate increasing with age.
- The disease was caused by a coronavirus, which originated in bats and spread to humans through animals sold in markets.
- The virus was found in palm civets, raccoons, badgers, and domestic cats.
Technology and Industry
- Globalization has increased the spread of diseases through travel, food processing, and the movement of raw and processed materials.
- Medical technology has also contributed to the spread of diseases.
Microbial Adaptation and Change
- Over the past 70 years, only one individual has been cured of a communicable disease.
- Antibiotic resistance has emerged due to the widespread use of antimicrobials.
- Antibiotic residues are detected in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics.
- There are two types of MRSA: healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA) and community-associated (CA-MRSA).
- CA-MRSA is more severe and can penetrate body walls to vital organs.
Breakdown of Public Health Measures
- Complacency, distraction, re-prioritization, and distrust of science have led to a lapse in public health measures.
- Public health and sanitation measures that minimized the spread of infectious diseases in humans have been neglected.
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Description
Learn about the diseases that have increased in incidence over the past two decades or threaten to increase in the near future, including novel, re-emerging, and spreading diseases. Discover the contributory factors, such as zoonosis and adaptations of existing animal diseases.