Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is an emerging infectious disease?

  • A disease that only affects animal populations
  • A disease of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased or threatens to increase in the near future (correct)
  • A disease that has been present in humans for centuries
  • A disease that has been eradicated from human populations
  • What is the process of transfer of a disease from one species to another?

  • Xenographic adaptation
  • Pesticide resistance
  • Zoonosis (correct)
  • Climate change
  • Which of the following is a contributory factor to the emergence of infectious diseases?

  • Decreased global travel
  • Improved public health infrastructure
  • Breakdown of public health measures (correct)
  • Reduced global food production
  • What is a consequence of international public health programs?

    <p>Increased population crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does air travel contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?

    <p>By allowing infected individuals to travel quickly before symptoms appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of climate change in relation to infectious diseases?

    <p>Expanded habitable ranges and lengthened seasons of vectors and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of suburban development in relation to disease outbreaks?

    <p>Increased human-animal interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of extreme weather patterns from natural fluctuations or man-made changes?

    <p>Increased disease outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Dengue Fever?

    <p>It is an urban tropical disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a person being infected with Dengue Fever multiple times?

    <p>They are more likely to develop the hemorrhagic variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people are vulnerable to Dengue Fever?

    <p>Over 3 billion people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of urbanization on the spread of Dengue Fever?

    <p>It has increased the spread of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population lived in cities by 2025?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease that spreads rapidly across borders due to increased travel?

    <p>SARS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that allows the rapid spread of emerging diseases?

    <p>Transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the coronavirus identified as the official cause of SARS?

    <p>2003</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animals were found to carry the SARS coronavirus?

    <p>Palm civets and raccoons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the rise of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Wide distribution of antimicrobials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of antibiotics in livestock?

    <p>To promote growth and prevent disease in livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA?

    <p>HA-MRSA is more commonly found in hospitals, while CA-MRSA is more commonly found in communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for MRSA infection in patients?

    <p>Presence of open wounds or invasive medical devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary transmission method of MRSA in hospitals?

    <p>Hospital staff not following proper sanitation protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of CA-MRSA infections?

    <p>They cause more severe illness and can penetrate to vital organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where have MRSA bacteria been found in Florida?

    <p>In the sand and water at beaches along the west coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following populations is at a higher risk of getting infected with MRSA?

    <p>Children, elderly, and people with weak immune systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Maryland not have an accurate count of MRSA cases?

    <p>Because Maryland does not keep official records of MRSA cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to a decline in infectious diseases in the 18th and 19th centuries?

    <p>Public health and sanitation measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the resurgence of infectious diseases?

    <p>Complacency, distraction, and distrust of science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are people more likely to be infected with MRSA?

    <p>In con ned spaces with other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emerging Infectious Diseases

    • Emerging infectious diseases are diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased over the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future.
    • They can be novel, re-emerging, or spreading beyond their historic range.
    • Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases include ecological changes, human demographic changes, travel, technology and industry, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures.

    Ecological Changes

    • Aggressive and suburban development has led to an increase in human-animal interactions, expanding the habitable range of vectors and pathogens.
    • Climate change has led to extreme weather patterns, resulting in disease outbreaks.
    • El Niño has been linked to outbreaks of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.

    Dengue Fever

    • Dengue fever is a severe, urban, tropical disease characterized by severe body aches and pains, and can lead to hemorrhagic fever.
    • There are four antigenically distinct viral serotypes, with no protective cross-immunity.
    • Over 3 billion people are vulnerable, with 80-100 million cases annually.
    • The incidence of dengue fever has increased 30-fold from 1960 to 2010.

    Human Demographic Changes

    • Urbanization has led to increased population density in urban areas, surpassing basic services such as clean water supplies, sanitary conditions, and adequate housing.
    • Public health measures in overcrowded cities are strained or unavailable.

    Travel

    • Travel is a significant factor in the rapid spread of emerging diseases.
    • Increased economic activity across international boundaries has led to increased travel.
    • Diseases are no longer confined to geographical boundaries.

    Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

    • SARS is a near pandemic that emerged in 2002-2003, with a mortality rate increasing with age.
    • The disease was caused by a coronavirus, which originated in bats and spread to humans through animals sold in markets.
    • The virus was found in palm civets, raccoons, badgers, and domestic cats.

    Technology and Industry

    • Globalization has increased the spread of diseases through travel, food processing, and the movement of raw and processed materials.
    • Medical technology has also contributed to the spread of diseases.

    Microbial Adaptation and Change

    • Over the past 70 years, only one individual has been cured of a communicable disease.
    • Antibiotic resistance has emerged due to the widespread use of antimicrobials.
    • Antibiotic residues are detected in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of bacteria resistant to many antibiotics.
    • There are two types of MRSA: healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA) and community-associated (CA-MRSA).
    • CA-MRSA is more severe and can penetrate body walls to vital organs.

    Breakdown of Public Health Measures

    • Complacency, distraction, re-prioritization, and distrust of science have led to a lapse in public health measures.
    • Public health and sanitation measures that minimized the spread of infectious diseases in humans have been neglected.

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    Description

    Learn about the diseases that have increased in incidence over the past two decades or threaten to increase in the near future, including novel, re-emerging, and spreading diseases. Discover the contributory factors, such as zoonosis and adaptations of existing animal diseases.

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