Podcast
Questions and Answers
The B cells mature in the ______.
The B cells mature in the ______.
bone marrow
The T cells mature in the ______.
The T cells mature in the ______.
Thymus
The largest lymphoid organ in the body is the ______.
The largest lymphoid organ in the body is the ______.
spleen
The spleen serves a role in ______, which is the removal of old red blood cells from circulation.
The spleen serves a role in ______, which is the removal of old red blood cells from circulation.
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The primary site of maturation of T cells is the ______.
The primary site of maturation of T cells is the ______.
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The process of removing debris and foreign cells from the blood is known as ______.
The process of removing debris and foreign cells from the blood is known as ______.
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During fetal life, the liver plays a significant role in ______ during the hepatic phase.
During fetal life, the liver plays a significant role in ______ during the hepatic phase.
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Kupffer cells in the liver are important for removing ______ and damaged red blood cells.
Kupffer cells in the liver are important for removing ______ and damaged red blood cells.
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The common myeloid stem cell may differentiate into committed precursor cells such as a Proerythroblast to give rise to mature ______.
The common myeloid stem cell may differentiate into committed precursor cells such as a Proerythroblast to give rise to mature ______.
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Cytokines and Growth Factors are glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic ______.
Cytokines and Growth Factors are glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic ______.
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Cytokines may also inhibit ______, allowing cells to proliferate.
Cytokines may also inhibit ______, allowing cells to proliferate.
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Among the key factors in hematopoiesis are Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) and ______.
Among the key factors in hematopoiesis are Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) and ______.
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As hematopoietic cells mature, they decrease in ______.
As hematopoietic cells mature, they decrease in ______.
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The Nucleus-to-Cytoplasm (N:C) ratio ______ as the cells mature.
The Nucleus-to-Cytoplasm (N:C) ratio ______ as the cells mature.
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The nuclear chromatin becomes denser as the ______ mature.
The nuclear chromatin becomes denser as the ______ mature.
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Some lineages of hematopoietic cells might have exceptions to the general changes that occur during ______.
Some lineages of hematopoietic cells might have exceptions to the general changes that occur during ______.
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Antigens from digested foreign cells are presented to T cells for activation of the adaptive immune system by ______.
Antigens from digested foreign cells are presented to T cells for activation of the adaptive immune system by ______.
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The kidneys are responsible for the production of ______ in response to hypoxia.
The kidneys are responsible for the production of ______ in response to hypoxia.
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Intrinsic Factor is necessary for the absorption of ______ in the intestines.
Intrinsic Factor is necessary for the absorption of ______ in the intestines.
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Deficiency of Intrinsic Factor can lead to pernicious anemia, which is a type of ______ anemia.
Deficiency of Intrinsic Factor can lead to pernicious anemia, which is a type of ______ anemia.
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Stem cells have the ability for self-renewal and can give rise to differentiated ______.
Stem cells have the ability for self-renewal and can give rise to differentiated ______.
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A pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into either a common myeloid or common ______ stem cell.
A pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into either a common myeloid or common ______ stem cell.
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Normal cell development depends on the interaction of pluripotent stem cells, microenvironment, and hematopoietic ______.
Normal cell development depends on the interaction of pluripotent stem cells, microenvironment, and hematopoietic ______.
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When stem cells divide, they give rise to two identical ______ cells.
When stem cells divide, they give rise to two identical ______ cells.
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Study Notes
Antigen Presentation
- Antigens from digested foreign cells, such as bacteria, are presented to T cells to activate the adaptive immune system.
- Mitogens are substances that stimulate mitosis and promote cell division.
- Hematopoietic growth factors influence the maturation and differentiation of blood cells.
Kidneys
- Produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia, driving the maturation of red blood cell (RBC) precursors.
- Erythropoietin stimulates proliferation and maturation of erythroblasts in the bone marrow, leading to RBC release into circulation.
Stomach
- Produces Intrinsic Factor (IF), essential for vitamin B12 absorption in the intestines.
- Deficiency in Intrinsic Factor leads to vitamin B12 deficiency and can result in pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia.
Stem Cell Theory
- Stem cells possess self-renewal capability and can differentiate into various blood cell types.
- Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can differentiate into common myeloid or lymphoid stem cells, generating mature and functional blood cells.
- Stem cells can reconstitute the hematopoietic system in lethally irradiated individuals.
Factors Influencing Cell Development
- Normal cell development is dependent on pluripotent stem cells, the microenvironment, and hematopoietic growth factors.
- Pluripotent stem cells can undergo self-renewal, differentiation, or apoptosis.
- Under optimal conditions, cytokines and growth factors regulate proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells.
Cytokines and Growth Factors
- Cytokines are glycoproteins that can promote or inhibit blood cell proliferation and differentiation.
- They may also prevent apoptosis, allowing cell proliferation.
- Types include Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF), early-acting multilineage growth factors, and interleukins.
Hematopoietic Cell Maturation
- As hematopoietic cells mature, they decrease in size and their cytoplasmic staining becomes less basophilic.
- Nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N:C) ratio decreases and nuclear chromatin density increases.
- Nucleoli begin to disappear during maturation.
Lymphocyte Development
- B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus.
- Lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid organs.
Liver Functions
- Plays a key role in fetal hematopoiesis and synthesizes proteins and vitamins for regulating hemostasis.
- Conjugates bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown and detoxifies blood.
- Kupffer cells remove senescent and damaged RBCs from circulation.
Spleen Functions
- Largest lymphoid organ; a secondary hematopoiesis site during fetal development.
- Culling: Removal of old red blood cells via phagocytosis.
- Pitting: Removal of inclusion bodies from red blood cells.
- Immune defense: Activation site for lymphocytes (B and T cells).
- Storage: Sequesters one-third of produced platelets.
Thymus
- Primary lymphoid organ and secondary hematopoiesis site during the hepatic phase.
- Site of T cell maturation.
Lymph Nodes
- Serve as secondary lymphoid organs for lymphocyte activation.
- Filter out debris, particulate matter, and bacteria from lymph.
- Provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation.
Mononuclear Phagocyte System
- Comprises monocytes and macrophages that are involved in phagocytosis.
- Functions include removing debris, particulate matter, and foreign cells from blood and tissues.
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