Science Exam Part 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary composition of the Earth's crust?

  • Magma and molten rock
  • Sand and silt
  • Basalt and granite (correct)
  • Iron and nickel
  • Which layer of the Earth is known for its viscoelastic flow?

  • The Mantle (correct)
  • The Lithosphere
  • The Outer Core
  • The Crust
  • What percentage of Earth's volume does the crust constitute?

  • More than 25%
  • Less than 1% (correct)
  • About 5%
  • Approximately 10%
  • Which process is associated with the generation of earthquakes along faults?

    <p>Plate tectonics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major characteristic of the Outer Core?

    <p>Molten rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crust is primarily found under oceans?

    <p>Basaltic crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when tectonic plates interact at plate boundaries?

    <p>Volcanic eruptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe the lithosphere?

    <p>Completely molten rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the asthenosphere in the Earth's upper mantle?

    <p>It is a solid that is able to flow slowly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the Earth's core?

    <p>The outer core includes molten rock, nickel, and iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the convection process involve?

    <p>Hot air rising and cooler air sinking in fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is implied by the Seafloor Spreading Theory?

    <p>The seafloor continuously spreads and gets recycled into the mantle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who published the theory that came to be known as seafloor spreading?

    <p>Harry Hammond Hess, a geologist from Princeton University.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant discovery did Harry Hammond Hess make about the seafloor?

    <p>It is full of canyons, trenches, and volcanic sea mountains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when new ocean floor is formed near ridges according to seafloor spreading?

    <p>They are pushed aside, allowing for recycling into the mantle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates?

    <p>Convection currents in the mantle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Earth's Structure

    • Earth's structure is divided into four main subsystems: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.
    • The lithosphere is the solid part of the Earth composed of the crust and the upper mantle.
    • The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, with a thickness of less than 1% of Earth's volume.
    • The crust is primarily composed of basalt and granite and has two types: oceanic and continental.
    • The mantle lies beneath the crust and extends up to 2,900 km in thickness.
    • The mantle is a semi-solid magma layer where the asthenosphere is found, a viscous and slowly flowing layer composed of peridotite.
    • The core is the center of the Earth, made up of the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.
    • The outer core is composed of molten rock, nickel, and iron.
    • The inner core is extremely hot and dense, with temperatures reaching 5,000 degrees Celsius. It plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's temperature.

    Plate Tectonics

    • Plate tectonics is the theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates.
    • The theory supports that the lithosphere is broken into several plates that move and interact with each other.
    • Several theories explain the movement of lithospheric plates, including Continental Drift, Seafloor Spreading, and Plate Tectonics.
    • Seafloor Spreading Theory states that the seafloor is continually spreading, with new crust formed at oceanic ridges and older crust being recycled into the mantle.
    • The discovery of seafloor spreading was supported by new evidence obtained using sonar technology, which allowed scientists to map the ocean floor and identify features like trenches, canyons, and volcanic sea mountains.
    • Harry Hammond Hess, a geologist from Princeton University, contributed significantly to the theory of seafloor spreading.
    • He observed that the ocean floor was not as smooth as previously thought and discovered the presence of mid-ocean ridges, suggesting that new crust was being formed at these locations.

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