Railway Power Plan and Goods Train Operations

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of allowing a newly promoted driver to work as a co-driver for a month?

  • To assess the driver's knowledge of railway operations.
  • To complete necessary paperwork for certification.
  • To familiarize the driver with driving techniques and clarify doubts. (correct)
  • To ensure the driver meets the physical requirements for driving.

What is required for a candidate to receive a competency certificate after their training?

  • Complete additional hours of supervised driving.
  • Pass an interview with the AEE(OP)/SR.DEE(OP) and Safety Officer. (correct)
  • Submit a written examination for a driving license.
  • Obtain a satisfactory report from fellow drivers.

What must a candidate do if they are not confident in completing road learning within the prescribed period?

  • Obtain a letter from a fellow driver for an exemption.
  • Complete additional training before the deadline.
  • Seek permission to skip road learning entirely.
  • Request an extension from their depot in-charge. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an assistant driver to be promoted to goods driver on an ad-hoc basis?

<p>Submit a recommendation from a senior driver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for providing the certification that indicates a driver is fit to work independently?

<p>The nominated loco inspector. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a power plan in railway operations?

<p>To provide the information for planning goods trains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information is included in the power plan regarding locomotives?

<p>Outage of the locomotive on a division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when planning goods trains?

<p>Train drivers' preferences for routes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often is the performance of goods traffic reviewed on a railway division?

<p>Every six months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the requirement of power for inferior services in a power plan include?

<p>Shunting work and engineering department tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which office is responsible for issuing the zonal railway power plan?

<p>Office of the Chief Operating Manager (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'target utilization of locomotives' refer to in the context of a power plan?

<p>The operational capacity based on different division conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the double head train count signify between BSL and NGN?

<p>There is 1 double head train scheduled. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the average running time differ between sections?

<p>Due to differences in section length and traffic pattern. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the data presented in the train schedule?

<p>To calculate the requirement of running staff. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'pre-departure detention of the crew'?

<p>The elapsed time from crew sign-on to train departure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many total engine kilometers are reported in the table?

<p>33722 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section has the highest number of single head trains scheduled?

<p>BSL-BADNERA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which office is responsible for maintaining the average sectional running time data?

<p>SR.DOM Office (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'TRO' stand for in the context of this document?

<p>Traction Rolling Stock Operations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sections has no double head trains scheduled?

<p>BSL-ODHA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the promotion process from assistant driver to shunter?

<p>Passing a screening test conducted by a committee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which officers are involved in the committee for promoting candidates to Goods Driver?

<p>DEE (OP), DPO/APO, and DME (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a general practice given to candidates promoted to shunter after the screening test?

<p>Two weeks of handling training under supervision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might assistant drivers be directly promoted to Goods Driver instead of shunters?

<p>Shunters may have a low literacy level and did not pass exams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must candidates achieve in order to be considered for selection as a driver?

<p>Pass the Driver promotion course in either Diesel or AC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the screening test for assistant drivers aim to determine?

<p>Their suitability and competency for promotion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many assistant drivers and shunters are typically called for consideration relative to vacancies in drivers?

<p>Three times the number of actual vacancies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has changed regarding the promotional training course for assistant drivers to shunter?

<p>It has been completely revoked in most divisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What document certifies a candidate's ability to work as a shunter after training?

<p>A competency certificate issued by the loco inspector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for promoting assistant drivers to shunters?

<p>Results from the screening test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the eligibility criteria for conducting a departmental examination to fill vacancies?

<p>Matriculate class IV staff with 5 years of continuous service (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total vacancies can be filled by lateral induction of skilled artisan staff?

<p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum qualification required for direct recruitment of assistant drivers?

<p>Matriculate with ITI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to estimate the total vacancies for assistant drivers?

<p>Calculating expected retirements, promotions, and existing vacancies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these positions is NOT part of the promotion hierarchy for running staff?

<p>Chief Engineer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age limit for candidates applying for the assistant driver position?

<p>35 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of staff can lateral induction be applied to when filling vacancies?

<p>Skilled artisan staff of electrical/diesel loco sheds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional qualification is necessary for departmental selection of Assistant Loco Pilots?

<p>Matric and ITI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is eligible for direct recruitment as assistant drivers if vacancies persist?

<p>Matriculate candidates with ITI training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are vacancies to be created due to promotions assessed?

<p>By predicting promotions to higher positions within the next year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required lie over period for trip inspection after a locomotive reaches its terminus station?

<p>10 to 12 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the loco link planning consider the withdrawal of a locomotive for inspection?

<p>Integrate working schedules for timely arrival at the homing shed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of schedule inspection should be planned after a locomotive has operated for 35 to 40 days?

<p>Withdrawal for monthly schedule inspection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What time frame is optimal for a locomotive to reach the homing shed after being withdrawn for inspection?

<p>0 to 1 hour after arrival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What time is typically allocated for the placement of electric locomotives for schedule inspection?

<p>2 to 3 hours during the 0-8 shift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of engine kilometers reported in the schedules provided?

<p>33722 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section has the least number of scheduled double head trains?

<p>NANDGAON – IGATPURI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pre-departure detention of the crew best defined as?

<p>The period from sign on of crew to actual departure of the train (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section has the highest number of scheduled single head trains?

<p>BHUSAWAL – ODHA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of average sectional running time, why might results differ across various sections?

<p>Length of the section and traffic patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be determined before calculating the requirement of running staff?

<p>The average sectional running time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the movement section of the SR.DOM Office?

<p>To maintain data about average running times for different sections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the crew's sanctioned strength is considered reasonable as a trainee reserve?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many shunters are required per shunting engine if it operates round the clock?

<p>4 shunters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a task performed by shunters in the yard?

<p>Detaining incoming drivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should divisions consider when justifying the requirement of trainee reserve posts?

<p>The existing working conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a trip shed, how should the number of shunters be determined?

<p>Based on the workload of loco movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity does an indoor shunter NOT typically perform?

<p>Supervising outdoor shunting activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there no specified yardstick for trainee reserve posts?

<p>Because of differing division requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of duty hours a driver can work in a fortnight?

<p>104 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of shunters as described in the guidelines?

<p>Support shunting work in the yard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of creating a crew link?

<p>To ensure maximum utilization without exceeding duty limits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically required for the operation of shunters in a yard?

<p>Coordination with incoming drivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration when making a crew link based on train timings?

<p>Optimizing the use of driver resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should the crew link not be slack?

<p>To prevent under-utilization of drivers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are crucial in determining the arrival and departure timings for crew change points?

<p>The timings of Mail/Express and Passenger trains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a driver works for 80 hours in one fortnight, how many hours can they work in the subsequent fortnight without exceeding the limit?

<p>24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does rest play in the planning of duty hours for drivers?

<p>It is integral to maintaining safety standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between duty hours and driver safety?

<p>Appropriate duty hours decrease the risk of accidents and fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of recording crew availability timings?

<p>To create effective schedules for crew assignments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons for calculating the requirement of shunters in a yard?

<p>To avoid unnecessary detention of drivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are train engine drivers required to perform shunting operations?

<p>When slip coaches are near the engine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of shunters when dealing with private sidings?

<p>They perform shunting work using a shunting engine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the information provided in a train notice number?

<p>Destination of the goods train (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to issue a train notice about 2 hours and 30 minutes in advance?

<p>To coordinate the crew change effectively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional information related to goods trains is essential for understanding their operations?

<p>The system of ordering goods trains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which task is generally performed by shunters when it comes to yard operations?

<p>Avoiding the extra post-departure detention of drivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the requirement of shunters for sidings?

<p>Provisions must be made when the railway performs work (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence if the shunters' requirement is not accurately calculated?

<p>Excess delays for train departures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the role of shunters change based on the location of slip coaches in a train?

<p>Their involvement depends on the engine’s position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Power Plan

A plan that details information for scheduling goods trains on a railway division for each section.

Divisional Power Plan

A document specific to a railway division outlining the planned goods train operations for each section and the required locomotive power.

Goods Train Ordering

The process of scheduling and planning the movement of goods trains on a railway division.

Power Plan Information

A power plan includes the number of trains, power requirements for support services (shunting, material transport), locomotive downtime, and target utilization.

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Locomotive Outage

Average number of locomotives unavailable for use on a given day (24 hours).

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Target Locomotive Utilization

The expected percentage of time locomotives are actively working, which can vary between railway divisions.

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LELA Power

Locomotive power required for moving locomotives (dead) for reasons like maintenance or transportation between locations.

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Average sectional running time

The average time it takes a train to travel a specific section, based on traffic patterns over the past six months.

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Pre-departure detention

Time between crew sign-on and train departure.

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Goods trains

Trains carrying cargo or freight, not passengers.

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UP/DN direction

Abbreviations for the directions of a train's movement (e.g., from or to a certain point).

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Single-head train

A goods train with one locomotive.

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Double-head train

A goods train with two locomotives.

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Section-wise train count

Number of goods trains planned for specific sections of a rail route.

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Running Staff Requirements

The personnel needed to operate trains as calculated based on the train schedule and operational data.

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Data Source for Running Times

Relevant data collected over a 6-month period to calculate the average time taken by a train along a particular section.

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Assistant Driver Vacancy Assessment

Determining the number of Assistant Driver positions needing to be filled, taking into account existing vacancies, projected promotions, and retirements.

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Assistant Driver Promotion Progression

A hierarchical career path from Assistant Driver to more senior roles like Shunter, Goods Driver, Passenger Driver, Mail/Express, and Special 'A' driver, following a specific order.

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Assistant Driver Qualification (Railway Board Letter)

Qualification standards, including matriculation and ITI certification or an equivalent, for direct recruitment of assistant drivers as outlined in a Railway Board letter.

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Departmental Examination for Class IV Staff

A method of filling Assistant Driver vacancies by selecting qualified staff from the Class IV (e.g. cleaner, Khalasi) category working in loco sheds.

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Lateral Induction for Skilled Staff

Filling vacancies with qualified staff from another area, specifically artisans from electrical/diesel loco sheds.

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Recruitment Board

Authority responsible for the direct recruitment of drivers when other methods are exhausted.

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Vacancy Assessment

Systematic evaluation of empty positions

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Maximum Lateral Induction (20% cap)

A limit on the percentage of vacancies that can be filled using lateral induction of skilled employees from different departments.

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Matriculation + ITI Qualification

Specific educational requirement (matriculation and ITI) for certain railway job applicants.

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Running Staff Category

Classification of railway workers for the operation of trains, including assistant drivers and their higher positions.

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Road Learning Extension

A driver can request an extension of their road learning period from their depot in charge if they feel unprepared. The depot in charge will grant the extension, and the driver must declare they have learned the road before the extension is approved.

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Co-driver Training

Newly promoted drivers work as co-drivers with experienced drivers for a month to learn driving techniques and clarify doubts. This period includes observation and guidance from a nominated loco inspector.

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Competency Certificate

A certificate given to a driver by a nominated loco inspector after successful completion of training, including handling, road learning, and co-driver training.

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Competency Certificate Interview

After receiving the competency certificate from the loco inspector, a driver is interviewed by AEE(OP)/SR.DEE(OP) and the Safety Officer. If successful, the driver is issued a competency certificate authorizing them to work independently.

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Assistant Driver Promotion

Assistant drivers can be promoted to goods driver on an ad-hoc basis if they meet specific criteria: 60,000 km of footplate inspection as assistant driver and 2 years of service. They must later undergo regular selection procedures to become fully certified goods drivers.

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Assistant Driver Promotion to Shunter

Senior assistant drivers, after a (previously) mandatory training course, are evaluated by a committee for suitability. Successful candidates receive handling training and then receive a certificate before being promoted.

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Shunter Promotion to Goods Driver

Suitable shunters and trained assistant drivers are considered. If a division has many openings, assistant drivers may be chosen over shunters, (sometimes directly) provided assistant driver passes a diesel/AC driver promotion course.

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Promotion Selection Procedure

Procedures for promotions of railway staff, like assistant driver to shunter, and shunter/assistant driver to goods driver, vary across railway divisions but aim to ensure suitability and competency.

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Screening Test (Assistant Driver to Shunter)

An evaluation conducted by a committee of officials from related railway branches to assess candidate suitability to become shunters.

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Handling Training

A two-week training period where prospective shunters learn to handle trains and receive on-the-job training under the supervision of a senior officer.

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Driver Promotion Course

A mandatory course, including diesel and AC train operation, required for consideration for promotion to Goods Driver. This is a crucial step.

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Selection Committee Composition

A committee consisting of DEE(OP), DPO/APO, and DME members, is in place to assess the suitability for Goods Driver positions

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Number of Candidates Called

A minimum of three times the number of vacant Goods Driver positions is called for consideration, both for shunters and assistant drivers.

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Promotion Pathways

Promotion possibilities exist from assistant driver to shunter, and shunter to driver (goods driver).

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What is a Power Plan?

A Power Plan is a document outlining how many goods trains will be run on each section of a railway division. It also includes locomotive needs for general services and staff scheduling.

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What's the average sectional running time?

This is the average time it takes a goods train to travel a specific section of the railway, based on the last 6 months of data. It varies depending on the length of the section and the amount of traffic.

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What is pre-departure detention?

The time that crew is waiting after signing on until the train is ready to go. It's a bit like a pre-flight check for a train.

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Trainee Reserve Posts

A percentage of the sanctioned crew strength dedicated to training. Usually around 10%, these positions are essential for maintaining a skilled workforce and ensuring future staffing needs.

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Shunter Requirements

The number of shunters needed depends on the workload and operational needs of the yard. Shunters are essential for moving engines and rakes within yards.

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24/7 Shunter Ratio

If a shunting engine operates continuously, the recommended ratio is 4 shunters per engine.

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Trip Shed/Loco Shed Shunters

The number of shunters required in these locations depends on the workload of moving locomotives between the shed and yard.

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Yard Shunter Responsibilities

Shunters take charge of trains from incoming drivers within the yard, ensuring smooth train movement.

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Shunter Workload Assessment

Determining the required number of shunters involves analyzing the operational requirements of the yard, including shunting engine operation and loco movements.

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Shunter Duties

Shunters perform various tasks, including attaching/detaching coaches/wagons, load formation, and moving trains within the yard.

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Shunter Role

They ensure efficient and safe locomotive and rake movement within the yard.

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Shunter Justification

Divisions need to justify their request for shunter positions based on their specific operational conditions.

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What is a shunter?

A railway worker who operates a locomotive to move trains within a yard or station, usually for short distances.

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Why are shunters needed for siding operations?

Sidings are private or railway tracks used for loading and unloading goods. Shunters move trains in and out of these sidings to facilitate these operations.

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What is the purpose of a Train Notice?

A Train Notice is a document issued by the Chief Controller (Goods) or Area Controller office providing information about an upcoming goods train.

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What information does a Train Notice include?

A Train Notice includes the train number, loco number, expected arrival time, and other relevant details for the goods train.

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What is the purpose of pre-departure detention?

Pre-departure detention refers to the time a driver spends waiting before a train departs after signing on.

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Where does the Train Notice get issued?

The Train Notice is issued by the Chief Controller (Goods) or Area Controller office.

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What is the typical time frame for issuing a Train Notice?

A Train Notice is usually issued about 2 hours and 30 minutes before the expected arrival of the goods train.

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What is the purpose of Locomotive Outage?

Locomotive Outage refers to the number of locomotives that are unavailable for service on a given day due to maintenance or other reasons.

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What is the purpose of Target Locomotive Utilization?

Target Locomotive Utilization represents the desired percentage of time that locomotives are actively working on a railway division.

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What is the purpose of a Power Plan?

A Power Plan is a document that outlines the scheduling of goods trains on a railway division, including locomotive power requirements.

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Loco Link Planning

The process of scheduling locomotive movements and ensuring they are available at the right time and place for train operations.

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Lie Over Period

The time a locomotive needs to rest and be inspected after completing a train journey, especially at a terminal station.

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Trip Inspection

A thorough examination of a locomotive to check its condition after a journey, ensuring it's safe to operate again.

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Schedule Inspection

Regular maintenance and testing of a locomotive, usually performed every 35 to 40 days, to ensure it's in top working condition.

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Homing Shed

The location where locomotives are kept and repaired after they complete their journeys.

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Fortnightly Duty Hours Limit

A driver's total work hours in a two-week period (fortnight) cannot exceed 104 hours.

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Crew Link Optimization

Creating train schedules that efficiently use drivers within the 104-hour fortnightly limit, minimizing both overwork and underutilization.

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Working Time Table (WTT)

A document that outlines train arrival and departure times at crew change points, crucial for creating crew links.

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Crew Change Point

Locations where train crews are changed, typically stations or junctions.

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Rest Period

Time allocated for drivers to rest, ensuring compliance with safety regulations and avoiding driver fatigue.

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O/ST (Over Stay Time)

The duration spent by a driver at a station or crew change point before proceeding for another duty.

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Table for Crew Availability

A table displaying train numbers, arrival/departure times at crew change points, and planned rest periods for drivers.

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HQ (Headquarter)

The primary location or base for the railway division where the crew links are planned and managed. It should be close to where the drivers are most needed.

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NR (No Rest)

Indicates that a driver does not have a planned rest period at a particular crew change point.

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X (Duty Continuation)

Indicates that the driver's duty continues uninterrupted after the train arrives or departs a crew change point.

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Study Notes

Power Plan and Ordering of Goods Trains

  • Power plans guide goods train scheduling divisionally, section-by-section
  • Key elements of a power plan include: divisional power plans, running staff needs, and goods train ordering
  • Divisional power plans are reviewed every six months to assess actual vs. planned goods train operations.
  • Information in a power plan includes: trains to be run (UP & DN), power for inferior services, locomotive outages (average number available daily), target locomotive utilization, and power movements (e.g., moved, LELA, dead).

Procedure for Power Plan Issue

  • Every six months, each railway division reviews its goods train operations.
  • Actual numbers of goods trains are tracked
  • The planned goods trains for the next six months are assessed based on planned traffic.
  • Railway's locomotive availability also plays a key role in the planning
  • Zonal railway power plans are issued by the Chief Operating Manager (COM).

Calculation of Staff Requirements

  • Pre-departure detention: Time from crew signing on to train departure. It should not exceed 30 minutes
  • Post-arrival detention: Time from train arrival to crew signing off
  • Average sectional running time: Data collected over the previous six months on train running times is used to estimate running times for specific sections.
  • Personnel: Calculate staff needs based on average sectional running time along with other factors including pre-departure and post-arrival detention.

Goods Crew Requirements

  • Driver numbers: Estimate the average number of drivers needed to operate a pair of trains UP and Down
  • Average crew hours: Track actual fortnightly crew work hours. A target of 104 hours per driver is often used to ensure adequate crew time for train duties
  • Loco outage data: Estimate the standard number of crew required for a locomotive based on average loco outages
  • Power plan training: Based on the anticipated number of trains in the power plan to determine manpower requirements

Trainee Reserve Posts

  • Training is provided regularly for drivers and assistant drivers.
  • A portion of the authorized staff is typically assigned to training at any one time.
  • 10% trainee reserve is frequently used as a rule of thumb. Personnel divisions must justify the needed level of training staff.

Shunter Requirements

  • Shunters fulfill tasks like attaching/detaching coaches, loading/unloading cars, and handling other yard operations that involve shifting trains inside train yards.
  • In the case of round-the-clock shunting, shunters are needed at a rate of 4 personnel per shunting engine.

Ordering of Goods Trains

  • The Chief Controller (Goods) or Area Controller estimates expected train arrival times at crew change points or yards.
  • Ordering times are affected by factors like train status, crew change needs, and expected availability of locomotives
  • Information such as train notice numbers, train numbers, and estimated arrival times are included in notices for drivers.

Power Through Staff Change (PTSC) Trains

  • Dispatching trains without complete locomotive exchange or maintenance procedures.
  • Staff time requirements for changeover and paperwork are taken into account, with expected arrival times at crew change points providing a crucial time parameter.
  • These types of orders are crucial for optimizing personnel use for goods trains.

Yard Formed Trains

  • Staff needs are assessed based on the status of goods trains in yards.
  • The plan also considers factors, such as locomotive arrival times, time required for vacuum/pressure creation in trains, and driver's turnaround times at the yard.

Calculation of Sanctioned Strength

  • Staff calculation formulas for goods trains.
  • Leave and additional training time are accounted for when establishing the sanctioned staff strength.
  • Loco link: Locomotives are assigned to particular trains for efficient scheduling.
  • Factors: Loco availability, inspection schedule, trip inspections, and lie-over times factor into the scheduling
  • Yard layout: Yards and trip sheds impact the required time for locomotive movement.

Policy of Recruitment of Running Staff

  • Personnel policies established by Railway Board regarding filling staff vacancies in assistant driver position.
  • Vacancies are filled by lateral induction, promotions, and examinations
  • Specific methods for promotion from various staff ranks within the operation of trains, including assistant driver to shunter, shunter to goods driver, goods driver to passenger driver, and passenger driver to Mail/Express driver, are all outlined.

Competency Certification

  • Criteria for drivers receiving competency certificates after appropriate training and experience requirements have been met.
  • Specific training requirements, such as handling training for locomotives and road learning programs for specific sections of train routes, are identified and addressed.

Promotion of Passenger Drivers

  • Criteria for promotions for various categories of drivers based on seniority, relevant certification, and completed training programs.
  • This includes the procedures for promoting passenger drivers to Mail/Express drivers and loco operating supervisors, specifically from driver ranks within the operational system.

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