Study guide Rad ll

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What specific positioning error is present on a radiograph if the right petrous ridge is wider than the left side?

The skull is rotated to the left

What specific positioning error has occurred if the foramen magnum appears closed on an AP axial (Towne) radiograph?

The head is hyperextended

Which projection of the routine skull series will best demonstrate any bony involvement of the sella turcica in a patient with a possible tumor of the pituitary gland?

Lateral projection

What is the function of the occipital condyles?

Articulate with the atlas (C1) to form the atlanto-occipital joint Signup and view all the answers

Through which opening does the spinal cord pass as it leaves the brain?

Foramen Magnum Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the jugular foramen?

Allows blood to drain from the brain via the internal jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

Where are the hypoglossal canals located?

On the ends of the occipital condyles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parietal bones?

Form the sides of the cranium and the posterior portion of the cranial roof Signup and view all the answers

What does each parietal bone contain?

A parietal eminence Signup and view all the answers

Where is the ethmoid bone situated?

Between the orbits Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vertical plate of the ethmoid bone?

Perforated by many foramina for transmission of olfactory nerves Signup and view all the answers

What does the crista galli look like?

A rooster’s comb Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended head position for the Cross-Table Lateral Projection?

true AP position (no rotation) Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient's head be positioned for the Trauma AP/AP Axial Projection?

turned in true lateral Signup and view all the answers

Where should the CR (central ray) enter for the Cross-Table Lateral Projection?

horizontal and 2-inches superior to EAM Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in profile in the Lateral Projection?

Sella turcica Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for the Submentovertical (SMV) Projection?

Schuller Method Signup and view all the answers

What does the Submentovertical (SMV) Projection demonstrate?

cranial base Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient be positioned for the Submentovertical (SMV) Projection?

upright Signup and view all the answers

Where should the CR (central ray) enter for the Submentovertical (SMV) Projection?

through sella turcica – At MSP between mandibular angles at a level ¾ inch anterior to EAM Signup and view all the answers

What should be ruled out before placing a sponge behind the patient’s head for the Cross-Table Lateral Projection?

cervical injury Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient be positioned for the Trauma AP/AP Axial Projection?

semisupine with back of head against IR Signup and view all the answers

What bone contains the sella turcica and the carotid sulcus?

Sphenoid Bone Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cribriform plate located?

Ethmoid Bone Signup and view all the answers

What are the two scroll-shaped processes that project inferiorly from each medial wall of the ethmoid bone?

Superior Nasal Conchae (Turbinate) and Middle Nasal Conchae (Turbinate) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone?

The lesser wings form the anterior clinoid processes and the optic canal. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is situated in the base of the cranial floor and resembles a bat with its wings extended?

Sphenoid Bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the dorsum sellae?

The dorsum sellae is the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone?

The pterygoid processes arise from the body and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most vulnerable portion of the skull to fracture?

Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone Signup and view all the answers

What are the main parts of the temporal bone?

Squamous Portion, Tympanic Portion, Mastoid Portion, Petrous Portion Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended head position for a Sinuses – PA Caldwell view?

Extend pt.’s neck and rest tip of the nose on the bucky, OML forms a 15-degree angle with the CR Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for the Sinuses – PA Water’s Method?

Parietoacanthial Projection Signup and view all the answers

What is demonstrated in the Sinuses – PA Water’s Method view?

Petrous pyramids projected below the floor of the maxillary sinuses Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Open-Mouth Waters Method?

To project the sphenoidal sinuses through the open mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 40-inch SID in performing Sinus views?

It is the recommended Source-to-Image Distance for Sinus views Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using a sponge in the Sinuses – PA Caldwell view?

Supports the patient's head and neck Signup and view all the answers

What structures are best demonstrated in the Sinuses – PA Caldwell view?

Frontal sinuses and anterior ethmoid sinuses Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal position of the MSP in the Sinuses – PA Caldwell view?

Perpendicular to the plane of the IR Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the CR exit point in the Sinuses – PA Water’s Method view?

It exits the acanthion Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient's head be positioned in the Sinuses – PA Water’s Open Mouth view?

Head tilted back, with the chin resting on the bucky Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the sinuses?

Resonating chamber for the voice, decrease weight of the skull, warm and moisten inhaled air, act as shock absorbers in trauma, possibly control the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do the frontal and sphenoid sinuses develop?

Around age 6 or 7 Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the drainage of the maxillary sinuses?

They are the only paranasal sinuses to drain upward. Signup and view all the answers

Where do the frontal sinuses drain into?

Middle nasal meatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the drainage pathway for the posterior ethmoid sinuses?

Superior nasal meatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of the osteomeatal complex?

It is made up of the drainage pathways between the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three openings in the posterior portion of the orbits?

Optic Foramen, Superior Orbital Fissure, Inferior Orbital Fissure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Optic Foramen?

Passageway for the Optic Nerve (CN II) Signup and view all the answers

What is a Blowout Fracture and what causes it?

A common fracture to the orbital floor caused by blunt trauma. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a Blowout Fracture and a Tripod Fracture?

A Blowout Fracture involves the orbital floor, while a Tripod Fracture involves the zygomatic bone and its connections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended head position for the Orbits – PA Modified Waters Method?

Head tilted back and chin resting on bucky with eyes closed Signup and view all the answers

In the Submentovertical (SMV) Projection, where should the CR (central ray) enter?

CR enters at MSP, passing through sella turcica (3/4” anterior to EAM) Signup and view all the answers

What structures are seen in the Orbits – Lateral Projection?

Superimposed orbital roofs Signup and view all the answers

What specific anatomical structures are demonstrated in the Orbits – PA Axial?

Petrous pyramids seen below inferior orbital margins and symmetric superior orbital fissures seen between the greater and lesser sphenoid wings Signup and view all the answers

In the Sinuses – SMV (Submentovertical) Projection, what should be seen with the patient's head tilted back?

Anterior frontal bone superimposed by mental protuberance (chin) and mandibular condyles anterior to petrous pyramids Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Cross-Table Lateral Projection for the sinuses?

Demonstrates foreign bodies Signup and view all the answers

How should the patient be positioned for the Orbits – Rhese Method?

Pt in RAO or LAO position, head is turned lateral with eyes looking straight ahead Signup and view all the answers

What position should the patient's head be in for the Sinuses – Lateral Projection?

Pt in RAO or LAO position, head is turned lateral with eyes looking straight ahead Signup and view all the answers

What specific anatomical structures are demonstrated in the Orbits – PA Modified Waters Method?

Petrous pyramids lie below orbital shadows and symmetric orbits Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Sinuses – Lateral Projection?

Demonstrates all sinuses Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended CR (central ray) placement for an orbit x-ray series to best demonstrate a blowout fracture?

CR exits mid-orbit on side closest to IR Signup and view all the answers

In the Rhese Method, where should the optic foramen be seen in the orbit?

Lower outer quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What modification can be made to correct the positioning when the petrous ridges are projected within the maxillary sinuses in a Parietoacanthial (Waters) projection?

The patient’s head needs to be flexed more Signup and view all the answers

In a sinus study for a quadriplegic patient with a clinical history of sinusitis, what projection (with modifications) will best demonstrate any possible air-fluid levels?

Modified erect (with patient lying down) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended head position for a prone/semi-prone 3-point landing for AML (Acute Maxillary Sinusitis) projection?

Chin, cheek, and nose touching the table Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended angle for the MSP (mid-sagittal plane) in the Rhese Method?

37° from vertical or 53° from horizontal Signup and view all the answers

What specific structures should be seen in profile in the Lateral Projection of the skull?

Optic foramen, orbital rim, frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus Signup and view all the answers

Where should the CR (central ray) exit for the Submentovertical (SMV) Projection?

Exit at the level of the nasion Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the method used to evaluate the orbits in radiography?

Rhese Method Signup and view all the answers

What projection will best demonstrate any bony involvement of the sella turcica in a patient with a possible tumor of the pituitary gland?

Lateral projection Signup and view all the answers

Care este numele alternative pentru Metoda Sinusurilor - PA Water?

Metoda Sinusurilor - PA Caldwell Signup and view all the answers

Ce proiecție va demonstra cel mai bine orice implicare osoasă a sella turcica la un pacient cu un posibil tumor al glandei pituitare?

Proiecția Rhese Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția condilelor occipitale?

Conexiunea craniului cu coloana vertebrală Signup and view all the answers

Cât de greu este să se vadă calea de drenaj pentru sinusurile etmoidale posterioare?

Destul de dificil Signup and view all the answers

Care sunt structurile anatomice specifice demonstrante în Metoda Sinusurilor - PA Caldwell?

Cavitatea nazală și sinusurile maxilare Signup and view all the answers

Ce arată crista galli?

Proeminența osoasă în partea superioară a septului nazal Signup and view all the answers

La ce vârstă se dezvoltă sinusurile frontale și sfenoidale?

În copilărie târzie Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția plăcii verticale a osului etmoid?

Separarea sinusurilor etmoidale anterioare și posterioare Signup and view all the answers

Ce structuri sunt văzute în proiecția laterală a craniului?

Fosa craniană și sinusurile maxilare Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția proiecției laterale a craniului pentru sinusuri?

Demonstrarea sinusurilor maxilare și a fosei nazale Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția sinusurilor?

Sinusurile servesc la umplerea, drenarea și umidificarea aerului din cavitatea nazală, precum și la reducerea greutății craniului. Signup and view all the answers

Care este poziția ideală a MSP (planului median sagital) în metoda Rhese?

Poziția ideală a MSP în metoda Rhese este perpendiculară pe planul de masă al pământului și la 37 de grade față de planul orizontal. Signup and view all the answers

Care sunt părțile principale ale osului temporal?

Principalele părți ale osului temporal sunt: porțiunea petroasă, porțiunea squamosă, porțiunea timporală și porțiunea mastoidă. Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția proiecției laterale a sinusurilor?

Proiecția laterală a sinusurilor este utilizată pentru a demonstra sinusurile maxilare, etmoidale și frontale. Signup and view all the answers

Ce trebuie exclus înainte de plasarea unei burete în spatele capului pacientului pentru proiecția laterală a sinusurilor?

Înainte de plasarea unei burete în spatele capului pacientului pentru proiecția laterală a sinusurilor, trebuie exclusă prezența unui traumatism cranian sau a unei leziuni la nivelul coloanei cervicale. Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția foramenului optic?

Foramenul optic este un canal care servește ca trecere pentru nervul optic și artera oftalmică. Signup and view all the answers

Care este poziția ideală a capului pacientului pentru metoda Orbits – PA Modified Waters?

Poziția ideală a capului pacientului pentru metoda Orbits – PA Modified Waters este cu bărbia și nasul așezate pe suportul pentru cap, cu linia mediană a MSP perpendiculară pe planul de masă al pământului. Signup and view all the answers

Care este funcția plăcii verticale a osului etmoidal?

Placa vertică a osului etmoidal este responsabilă pentru formarea peretelui nazal și pentru separarea celor două cavități nazale. Signup and view all the answers

Ce structuri sunt vizibile în proiecția laterală a orbitelor?

În proiecția laterală a orbitelor sunt vizibile globul ocular, procesul frontal al maxilarului, sinusurile etmoidale și sphenoidale. Signup and view all the answers

Care este diferența principală dintre o fractură blowout și o fractură tripod?

Diferența principală constă în faptul că fractura blowout implică o defecțiune a podelei orbitale, în timp ce fractura tripod implică fracturi ale zonelor anterioare și laterale ale orbitelor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average width measurement between the two parietal eminences?

Approx. 6 in or 15 cm Signup and view all the answers

What angle do the petrous pyramids form with the MSP in a Mesocephalic skull?

47º Signup and view all the answers

What is the width as a percentage of length in a Brachycephalic skull?

80% or greater Signup and view all the answers

What collection of points or planes is used for accurate positioning of the skull?

Skull Topography Signup and view all the answers

What does the Midsagittal Plane (MSP) divide the body into?

Left and right halves Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative name for the Midsagittal Plane (MSP)?

Median Plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the petrous pyramids in the skull?

To form an angle with the MSP Signup and view all the answers

How many skull bones are there in total?

22 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cranial bones?

Form a protective housing for the brain Signup and view all the answers

Name the suture found between the frontal and parietal bones.

Squamosal Suture Signup and view all the answers

What is the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures called?

Bregma Signup and view all the answers

How many fontanels are there in the newborn skull?

6 Signup and view all the answers

At what age is the skull usually at adult size and density?

12 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the developing skull?

Oval, wider in back than in front Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Glabellomeatal Line (GML)?

It is a line between the Glabella and EAM, used as a baseline for positioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 8º angle difference between OML and GML?

It helps in proper positioning and alignment for skull imaging. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Outer Canthus located?

The Outer Canthus is the lateral junction of the upper and lower eyelids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Mentomeatal Line (MML)?

It is a line between the mental point and EAM, used as a baseline for positioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Supraorbital Margin (SOM) in skull imaging?

It is a key landmark used for positioning and alignment in skull imaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Infraorbitomeatal Line (IOML)?

It is a line between the infraorbital margin and EAM, used as a baseline for positioning in skull imaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Interorbital Line in skull imaging?

It connects the pupils or the outer canthi of the eyes and is used for alignment in skull imaging. Signup and view all the answers

What is the baseline that connects the glabella to the anterior aspect of the alveolar process?

Glabelloalveolar Line (GAL) Signup and view all the answers

What is the midpoint of the chin called?

Mental Point Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance?

Inion Signup and view all the answers

What is the line between the acanthion and the external auditory meatus (EAM) called?

Acanthiomeatal Line (AML) Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical point that is the junction of the upper lip and nasal septum?

Acanthion Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle difference between the orbitomeatal line (OML) and infraorbital margin line (IOML)?

7 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is the line between the mental point and external auditory meatus (EAM) called?

Mentomeatal Line (MML) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acanthiomeatal line (AML) and the mentomeatal line (MML)?

Used in radiography of facial bones Signup and view all the answers

What should be reviewed as part of the assignment listed in the course schedule?

Positioning notes Signup and view all the answers