Radiology Techniques: Toe Projections
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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum SID required for lateral-mediolateral or lateromedial projections of the toes?

  • 40 inches (correct)
  • 30 inches
  • 60 inches
  • 50 inches

In which clinical indications would lateromedial projections be particularly useful?

  • Spinal disc herniation
  • Ligament tears in the knee
  • Rotator cuff injuries
  • Fractures of the phalanges of the toes (correct)

Where should the CR be directed for the first digit during the projection?

  • To the interphalangeal joint (correct)
  • To the metatarsophalangeal joint
  • To the distal phalanx
  • To the proximal interphalangeal joint

What adjustment is necessary for collimation during the examination?

<p>Collimate closely on four sides to the affected digit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What positioning adjustment should be made for the fourth and fifth digits?

<p>Rotate the foot laterally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature indicates optimal exposure in the radiographic images?

<p>Sharp cortical margins of bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In evaluating the positioning of the digit, what should be aligned with the long axis of the image receptor?

<p>The long axis of the digit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended kVp range for taking lateral-mediolateral or lateromedial projections of the toes?

<p>50-60 kVp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum Source-Image Distance (SID) required for an AP projection of the foot?

<p>40 inches (100 cm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the patient's position is NOT required for the AP projection of the foot?

<p>Flex the opposite knee (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What angle should the Central Ray (CR) be directed for the AP projection of the foot?

<p>10° posteriorly toward the heel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical indication for performing an AP projection of the foot?

<p>Locating soft tissue effusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended IR size for the AP projection of the foot?

<p>10 x 12 inches (24 x 30 cm) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion is essential for evaluating the AP projection of the foot?

<p>Visibility of the intertarsal joint space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a high arch when performing the AP projection of the foot?

<p>Increase the CR angle to 15° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of shielding during the AP projection of the foot?

<p>To protect radiosensitive tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum SID recommended for an AP projection of the toes?

<p>40 inches (100 cm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathologies are specifically mentioned for the AP projection of toes?

<p>Osteoarthritis and gouty arthritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the CR be angled for the AP projection of the toes?

<p>10° to 15° toward the calcaneus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using the tangential projection of the toes?

<p>To evaluate the extent of injury to the sesamoid bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the collimation for the AP projection of a toe?

<p>Part of one digit on each side of the digit in question (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is evaluated to ensure no rotation in the AP projection of the toes?

<p>The shafts of the phalanges appearing equally concave on both sides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum required source-to-image distance (SID) for this projection?

<p>40 inches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended Image receptor (IR) size for the AP projection of the toes?

<p>8 x 10 inches (18 x 24 cm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What patient position is recommended for the tangential projection?

<p>Prone with a towel under the lower leg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the evaluation criteria indicate about joint spaces in the AP projection?

<p>IP and MTP joint spaces should be open (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the correct angulation of the central ray (CR) for the tangential projection?

<p>Perpendicular to the IR and directed tangentially to the posterior aspect of the MTP joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is close collimation important in digital radiography for the AP projection of the toes?

<p>To prevent fogging from scatter radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What angle should the plantar surface of the foot form relative to the vertical during positioning?

<p>15° to 20° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be visible in the evaluation criteria for the tangential projection?

<p>Sesamoids free of superimposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is noted regarding the pain experienced by the patient during positioning?

<p>It is often uncomfortable and may be painful (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient cannot tolerate the prone position, what alternative projection can be used?

<p>Supine reverse projection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What size should the imaging receptor (IR) be for the tangential projection?

<p>8 x 10 inches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors should be ensured for optimal exposure during the tangential projection?

<p>Optimal contrast and density with sharp bony margins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum source-to-image distance (SID) for an AP oblique projection of the toes?

<p>40 inches (100 cm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which digit requires medial rotation for optimal positioning in an AP oblique projection?

<p>First digit (A), Second digit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the alignment of the long axis of the digit in relation to the IR?

<p>Aligned to the long axis of the IR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical indication for an AP oblique projection of the toes?

<p>Osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended collimation for the AP oblique projection of the toes?

<p>Include phalanges and a minimum of the distal half of metatarsals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What angle is recommended for lateral rotation of the foot for the fourth and fifth digits?

<p>30° to 45° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates that motion is present during the examination?

<p>Blurry soft tissue details (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be used to prevent motion during the AP oblique projection?

<p>A 45° radiolucent support under the elevated portion of the foot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality is primarily used to evaluate soft tissue injuries in the lower limbs?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by cartilage softening under the patella, leading to pain and tenderness?

<p>Chondromalacia Patellae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is primarily used to measure bone density in patients?

<p>Bone Densitometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of Ewing Sarcoma as detected on radiographs?

<p>Onion peel appearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benign tumor typically appears in small bones of the hands and feet in adolescents and young adults?

<p>Enchondroma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is known to cause inflammation of the bone and cartilage affecting the anterior proximal tibia?

<p>Osgood-Schlatter Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What imaging method is helpful for detecting osteomyelitis and metastatic bone lesions?

<p>Nuclear Medicine (NM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involves the accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity?

<p>Joint Effusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone tumor is more common in individuals aged 40-70 arising from plasma cells?

<p>Multiple Myeloma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves excessive uric acid in the blood and commonly affects the first metatarsophalangeal joint?

<p>Gout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by bone softening due to a lack of mineralization?

<p>Osteomalacia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common radiographic appearance of Paget's disease?

<p>Mixed areas of sclerotic and lytic lesions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions leads to excessive production of soft but dense bone?

<p>Paget's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common radiographic examination for osteomalacia?

<p>AP and lateral of the affected limb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exposure factor adjustment is often required for osteomalacia?

<p>Decrease (-) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Ewing sarcoma on imaging?

<p>Ill-defined area of bone destruction with an 'onion peel' appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition shows a classic 'sunburst' pattern in imaging?

<p>Osteogenic sarcoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically associated with bone loss or destruction?

<p>Exostosis (osteochondroma) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition are uric acid deposits typically found in the joint space?

<p>Gout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of osteoclastoma as seen on radiograph?

<p>Large radiolucent lesions with thin strips of bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended source-image receptor distance (SID) for lower limb radiography?

<p>40 inches (100 cm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is essential when radiographing the lower limb to protect sensitive regions?

<p>Implementing lead shielding over gonadal areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to maintain constant SID when using IRs directly on the tabletop?

<p>Increase the tube height by 3-4 inches (8-10 cm) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position should the long axis of the part being radiographed generally be in relation to the IR?

<p>Parallel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is collimation important in lower limb radiography?

<p>To limit scatter radiation and ensure centering accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for images on a single digital imaging plate?

<p>Avoid multiple exposures whenever possible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to prevent distortion in lower limb radiography?

<p>Keep the part parallel to the IR and correctly center the CR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are grids generally used in lower limb radiography?

<p>For body parts measuring 10 cm or more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common exposure factor for lower limb radiographs?

<p>Short exposure time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging plate is commonly used for examinations distal to the knee?

<p>IRs without grids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment should be made for pediatric patients due to their tissue characteristics?

<p>Decrease exposure factors due to reduced tissue quantity and density. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position-related concern is crucial when treating geriatric patients?

<p>Decreased joint flexibility may affect routine positioning techniques. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element is essential for obtaining radiographic quality in bariatric patients?

<p>Properly dressing the patient before imaging. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When imaging a lower limb with a cast, what is the recommended increase in exposure for a large plaster cast?

<p>Increase 8 to 10 kVp. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

<p>Fibrous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using grids in digital imaging for thicker anatomy?

<p>To enhance the image quality by reducing scatter radiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsum?

<p>The top surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum kVp value recommended for most digital imaging cases?

<p>50 kVp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement does plantar flexion involve?

<p>Pointing the foot and toes downward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a recommended practice when using four-sided collimation for radiography?

<p>Collimate to the region of interest using at least two parallel borders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ALARA principle emphasize in radiographic imaging?

<p>As low as reasonably achievable exposure factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint type does the ankle joint represent?

<p>Saddle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when imaging knees in bariatric patients?

<p>Increased cephalad CR angles may be necessary for visualization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movements do intertarsal joints primarily provide?

<p>Gliding movements with some rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dorsiflexion?

<p>Bending the foot upwards towards the leg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aids can be used to enhance patient comfort during imaging?

<p>Positioning aids and supports. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the interphalangeal joints?

<p>They are hinge joints permitting flexion and extension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fibrous capsule in synovial joints?

<p>To contain synovial fluid for lubrication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motions are not allowed by the tibiofibular joint?

<p>Side-to-side movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary movements that the ankle joint permits?

<p>Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

AP Oblique Toe Projection

A radiographic technique used to visualize specific toes for diagnosis of fractures, dislocations, or pathologies such as osteoarthritis.

Medial Rotation

Rotating the foot and leg 30° to 45° inwards towards the midline of the body, typically for visualizing the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd toes.

Lateral Rotation

Rotating the foot and leg 30° to 45° outwards away from the midline of the body, typically for visualizing the 4th and 5th toes.

MTP Joint

The joint connecting the toe bone (phalanx) to the foot bone (metatarsal), also known as the metatarsophalangeal joint.

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Distal Half of Metatarsals

The lower half of the foot bones that connect to the toes.

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Collimate to Area of Interest

Restricting the X-ray beam to only the area of the foot being examined, ensuring optimal image quality and minimizing radiation exposure.

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Optimal Contrast and Density

The image should have the appropriate level of brightness and sharpness to clearly show the bones and surrounding tissues.

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No Motion

The patient must remain still during the X-ray exposure to avoid blurry images.

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AP Foot Projection

A radiographic view of the foot with the X-ray beam directed from the front to the back.

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Clinical Indications for AP Foot

Reasons for taking an AP foot X-ray, including fractures, joint problems, foreign objects, and fluid build-up.

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SID for AP Foot

The minimum distance between the X-ray source and the image receptor, which is 40 inches (100 cm) for an AP foot view.

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CR Angle in AP Foot

The central ray is angled 10 degrees posteriorly (toward the heel) to ensure clear visualization of the foot bones.

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Patient Position for AP Foot

The patient lies on their back, with the foot flat on the image receptor, and the knee bent for comfort.

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Collimation for AP Foot

The X-ray beam is carefully focused on the foot's exact borders to limit radiation exposure.

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Evaluation Criteria for AP Foot

Assessing the quality of the radiograph, including visibility of all foot bones, proper alignment, and clear joint spaces.

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Exposure for AP Foot

The X-ray beam intensity should be adjusted to create a clear image of the foot's internal details.

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Tangential Projection

An imaging technique that captures a profile view of the sesamoid bones at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint.

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Sesamoid Bones

Small, round bones embedded within tendons, located at the base of the big toe.

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First Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joint

The joint between the first metatarsal bone and the first phalanx (big toe).

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Dorsiflexion

Flexing the foot upwards, pointing the toes towards the shin.

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Technical Factors

Settings and parameters used to perform a radiographic exam, such as SID (Source-Image Distance), IR size, and kVp range.

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Shielding

Protecting radiosensitive tissues outside the area of interest from unnecessary radiation exposure.

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Patient Position

The placement of the patient during the exam, ensuring proper alignment and comfort.

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Central Ray (CR)

The central beam of X-rays, directed at the specific area of interest.

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Collimation

Restricting the X-ray beam to only the area needed for an image.

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Evaluation Criteria

The quality and features that are assessed to determine if the image is acceptable.

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AP Projection: Toes

A radiographic projection used to visualize the toes, particularly for fractures, dislocations, or pathologies like arthritis.

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Technical Factors for AP Toes

These include the distance from the X-ray source to the image receptor (SID), the size of the image receptor, and the X-ray energy level (kVp).

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Shielding for AP Toes

Protecting sensitive areas outside the area of interest, like the reproductive organs, from radiation exposure.

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Positioning for AP Toes

The patient's position and placement of the foot involves placing the foot flat on the image receptor with the toes aligned to the central ray.

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CR Angulation for AP Toes

The central ray is angled 10-15° towards the heel to ensure the toes are not foreshortened.

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Evaluation of AP Toes

Assessing the quality of the image to ensure the desired anatomical structures are visualized, with proper positioning and exposure.

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Lateral-Mediolateral Projections: Toes

Radiographic projections used to visualize the phalanges of the toes in a lateral position, providing detail of bone structure and alignment.

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Clinical Indications

Reasons for performing lateral-mediolateral projections of the toes including fractures, dislocations, osteoarthritis, and gout.

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Patient Positioning: Lateromedial

For the first, second, and third toes, the affected foot is rotated medially, aligning the long axis of the toe with the CR and IR.

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Patient Positioning: Mediolateral

For the fourth and fifth toes, the affected foot is rotated laterally, aligning the long axis of the toe with the CR and IR.

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CR Direction

The central ray (CR) is perpendicular to the IR and directed to the interphalangeal joint for the first toe and to the proximal interphalangeal joint for the second to fifth toes.

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Osteomalacia

A disease characterized by 'bone softening' due to poor bone mineralization caused by calcium, phosphorus or vitamin D deficiency, or inability to absorb them.

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Rickets

The same disease as osteomalacia, but affecting children.

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Paget Disease

A bone disorder causing excessive bone production, leading to soft, dense bone followed by bone destruction, leaving 'cotton wool' appearance on X-rays.

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Bone Softening

The main characteristic of Osteomalacia, caused by lack of bone mineralization.

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Lytic Areas

Areas of bone loss in Paget's disease, seen on X-rays.

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Sclerotic Areas

Areas of dense new bone growth in Paget's disease, seen on X-rays.

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Cotton Wool Appearance

The characteristic X-ray appearance of Paget's disease due to mixed lytic and sclerotic areas.

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Common Paget Disease Locations

Pelvis, Femurs, Tibias, Skull, Vertebrae, Clavicles, and Ribs.

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Exposure Factor Adjustment in Osteomalacia

Decreased exposure factors are required because bone density is reduced due to the lack of mineralization.

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Exposure Factor Adjustment in Paget Disease

Increased exposure factors may be required in areas with significant bone sclerosis.

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Arthrography

A type of medical imaging that uses contrast dye injected into a joint to visualize structures like ligaments, cartilage, and menisci.

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CT Scan

A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to generate cross-sectional images of the body, providing detailed information about bone structure and soft tissue.

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MRI

A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissue structures, like ligaments and cartilage.

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What is Bone Densitometry used for?

A test that measures bone density, used to diagnose conditions like osteoporosis or monitor treatment effectiveness.

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Nuclear Medicine

A medical imaging technique that uses radioisotopes injected into the bloodstream to detect areas of abnormal tissue activity.

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Bone Cyst

A non-cancerous bone growth filled with fluid, often found in children near the knee joint.

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Chondromalacia Patellae

A condition of cartilage softening under the kneecap, causing pain and tenderness.

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Osteoarthritis

A joint disease where cartilage deteriorates, leading to pain and stiffness, common in aging.

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Gout

A type of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid in the blood, leading to painful inflammation in joints.

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Lisfranc Ligament Injury

An injury to the ligament that connects the foot bones, often caused by twisting injuries or falls.

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Synovial Joint

A type of joint characterized by a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid, allowing for free movement.

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Diarthrodial Joint

A freely movable joint, allowing for a wide range of motion.

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Fibrous Joint

A joint characterized by fibrous interconnections between bones, providing limited movement.

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Amphiarthrodial Joint

A slightly movable joint, offering a small range of motion.

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Plantar Flexion

Extending the ankle joint, pointing the foot and toes downwards.

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Inversion

Inward turning or bending of the ankle and subtalar joints, making the sole of the foot face inwards.

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Eversion

Outward turning or bending of the ankle and subtalar joints, causing the sole of the foot to face outwards.

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Ginglymus (Hinge) Joint

A type of synovial joint that allows for movement in only one plane, like a door hinge, allowing flexion and extension.

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Modified Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint

A type of synovial joint that allows for movement in two planes, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, with limited circumduction.

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SID for lower limb

The standard source-image receptor distance (SID) for radiographic examinations of the lower limb below the knee is 40 inches (100cm).

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Shielding in lower limb radiography

Lead-vinyl covered shields should be used to protect the patient's gonads, especially in lower limb radiography, as they are often within the primary radiation field.

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Collimation in lower limb radiography

Collimation borders should be visible on all four sides of the image receptor without cutting off important anatomy.

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General positioning for lower limb radiography

The long axis of the body part being radiographed should be parallel to the long axis of the image receptor.

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Centering in lower limb radiography

Accurate centering of the body part to the image receptor and the central ray location are critical to avoid distortion.

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Pediatric Exposure Factors

Exposure factors should be decreased for pediatric patients due to their reduced tissue quantity and density. This results in a brighter image.

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Multiple images on the same imaging plate

Placing multiple images on a single digital imaging plate (IP) is generally not recommended, due to potential pre-exposure or fogging of additional images.

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Geriatric Exposure Factors

Exposure factor adjustments may be needed for geriatric patients due to underlying conditions like osteoarthritis or osteoporosis.

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Exposure factors for lower limb radiography

Common exposure factors include lower to medium kVp (50-85), short exposure time, small focal spot, and sufficient mAs.

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Bariatric Clothing Artifact

Tight clothing on bariatric patients can interfere with image quality due to increased compression, leading to artifacts in the image.

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Image receptors for lower limb radiography

For examinations distal to the knee, IRs without grids are commonly used. High-resolution IRs can improve image detail.

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Grids in lower limb radiography

Grids are generally used for body parts measuring more than 10 cm. Nongrid techniques may be preferable on smaller patients.

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Bariatric Central Ray

The central ray alignment with the body part remains consistent for bariatric patients, but adjusting exposure factors might be needed due to increased soft tissue.

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Bariatric Grid Use

Using grids for anatomic structures larger than 10 cm in bariatric patients can eliminate scatter radiation, resulting in better image quality.

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Grids for the knee

The average knee (9-13 cm) may not require a grid. Grids are often used for larger patients with knees measuring more than 10 cm, especially in AP knee projections.

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Cast Exposure Increase

A lower limb with a cast requires increased exposure due to the increased density and thickness of the cast material.

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Four-sided Collimation

Collimate to the region of interest using at least two parallel borders, ensuring optimal image quality and minimizing radiation exposure.

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Grid Use with Cassette-less Systems

Consider anatomy thickness and kVp range before using a grid with cassette-less systems, as placement can be challenging.

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Exposure Factors: ALARA

Use ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle: the lowest exposure factors possible to achieve a diagnostic image, including the highest possible kVp and lowest mAs.

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Post-processing Evaluation

Verify exposure indicator values are within the appropriate range. Adjust kVp or mAs if necessary for repeat exposures.

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Study Notes

Clinical Indications

  • Fractures or dislocations of the phalanges of the digits in question
  • Pathologies such as osteoarthritis and gouty arthritis (gout), especially in the first digit

Technical Factors

  • Minimum SID—40 inches (100 cm)
  • IR size—8 × 10 inches (18 × 24 cm)
  • Landscape
  • Kvp range: 50-60

Shielding

  • Shield radio-sensitive tissues outside region of interest.

Patient Position

  • Place patient supine or seated on table; knee should be flexed with plantar surface of foot resting on IR

Part Position

  • Center and align long axis of digit to CR and long axis of portion of IR being exposed.
  • Ensure that MTP joint of digit in question is centered to CR.
  • Rotate the leg and foot 30° to 45° medially for the first, second, and third digits (Fig. 6.43) and laterally for the fourth and fifth digits (Fig. 6.44).
  • Use 45° radiolucent support under elevated portion of foot to obviate.

CR

  • CR perpendicular to IR, directed to MTP joint in question
  • Colliate closely to area of interest.
  • Include at least the first, second, and third distal metatarsals for possible sesamoids but CR at first MTP joint.

Computed Radiography or Digital Radiography

  • Close collimation is important over unexposed portions of IR to prevent fogging from scatter radiation.

Evaluation Criteria

  • Anatomy Demonstrated: Digits in question and distal half of metatarsals should be included without overlap (superimposition).
  • Position: Long axis of foot aligned to long axis of portion of IR being exposed. 
  • No rotation: Rotation is present if shafts of the phalanges and distal metatarsals appear equally concave on both sides.
  • Correct obliquity: Side with increased concavity has been rolled away from IR.
  • No motion: as evidenced by sharply defined cortical margins of bone and detailed bony trabeculae.
  • Exposure: Optimal contrast and density (brightness) allow visualization of bony cortical margins and trabeculae and soft tissue structures.

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This quiz focuses on the essential techniques for lateral-mediolateral and lateromedial projections of the toes. It covers minimum SID requirements, clinical indications, CR direction, collimation adjustments, and optimal exposure criteria. Test your knowledge on best practices for toe radiographic examinations.

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