Radiographic Positioning Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the angulation required for the Towne method when positioning at 10ML?

  • 10° caudad
  • 30° cephalad
  • 37° caudad (correct)
  • 25° cephalad

    • Which projection method is aligned MSP I IR for proper positioning?

  • Optic canal & Foramen (Rhese Method)
  • Lateral Projection
  • Towne method
  • PA axial projection (Haas Method) (correct)

    • What anatomical structure is well demonstrated in the Lateral Projection?

  • Optic canal
  • Petrous pyramid
  • Dorsum sellae (correct)
  • Foramen magnum

    • In the Rhese Method, how is the affected orbit positioned relative to the image receptor?

    <p>Away from the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected demonstration when using the PA axial projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>1/2 inch below Inim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angulation is used for the Optic canal & Foramen (Rhese Method) during positioning?

    <p>53° to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Towne method positioning?

    <p>Supine/upright position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For optimal demonstration in the Lateral Projection, how should the anterior & posterior clinoid processes be positioned?

    <p>Superimposed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation for the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>10° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is best demonstrated with the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection?

    <p>Anterior cranial base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what position should the patient be for the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alignment needed for the Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)?

    <p>MSP // IR and IOML // IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is highlighted at 1/2 inch below the Inion in the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>Dorsum &amp; tuberculum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Valdini method (PA axial Projection)?

    <p>Flexed head position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are demonstrated in the Cranial Base projection? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Carotid canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 30-35° caudad angulation in the Lysholm method?

    <p>To visualize the Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires the patient to be in a prone position and demonstrates the affected optic canal and foramen?

    <p>Modified Lysholm Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sphenoid Strut projection, which direction is the MSP angled towards?

    <p>Towards the side of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation required for the Superior Orbital Fissures projection?

    <p>20-25° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method demonstrates the inferior orbital fissure and requires the patient's forehead and nose to be against the IR?

    <p>Inferior Orbital Fissure (Bretel method) PA axial Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Vogt Bone-Free method?

    <p>Detecting small/low density foreign particles in the anterior segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is specifically designed to demonstrate the margins of the superior orbital fissure?

    <p>Superior Orbital Fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment is required for the Sweet method in order to locate a foreign body?

    <p>Localizer device with 2 markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the Alexander Method, what is the required angulation from the vertical for the IR?

    <p>15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle is used for the AP Axial Projection using the Towne Method?

    <p>30° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is specifically well demonstrated in the Lateral Projection?

    <p>Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method), what is the angulation of the central ray?

    <p>23° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT well demonstrated in the AP Projection?

    <p>Parietal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the Schüller Projection, what is the necessary angulation of the central ray for optimal results?

    <p>20° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is used to demonstrate traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion?

    <p>Crosstable Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary alignment requirement for the AP Projection?

    <p>OML perpendicular to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of angling 30° caudad in the Towne method?

    <p>To obtain a clear view of the foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is indicated for patients who cannot lie prone due to cervical spinal injury?

    <p>Lateral Decubitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are superimposed in the Lateral Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Orbital roofs and EAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positional alignment is required for the Towne method?

    <p>MSPI to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lateral projection, what is the correct angulation measurement for recording the position?

    <p>3/4 in anterior and posterior EAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures are best demonstrated in the PA axial projection (Haas method)?

    <p>Dorsum &amp; tuberculum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate position of the patient for the optic canal & foramen projection using the Rhese method?

    <p>Semi-prone with the affected orbit superior to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific anatomical feature is highlighted in the lateral projection of the cranium?

    <p>Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alignment is needed for the PAZAM projection in relation to the orbit?

    <p>Affected orbit perpendicular to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection demonstrates the inferior and lateral quadrant of the uppermost orbit?

    <p>Orbito-parietal oblique projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the angulation in the Towne method?

    <p>To demonstrate the sellar region above the glabella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary position of the head in the Lateral Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Seated or semi-prone with head turned toward the side of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT well demonstrated in the PA Projection?

    <p>Greater wings of sphenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method), what is the positioning requirement for the OML?

    <p>Perpendicular to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes a dorsal decubitus position for imaging?

    <p>Crosstable Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the AP Projection, how is the nasion aligned relative to the image receptor?

    <p>Flush with the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of angulating the central ray 25° cephalad in the Haas method?

    <p>To demonstrate the sellar structure within the foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What variation does the AP Axial Projection (Towne Method) use with the OML?

    <p>OML angled 30° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are best demonstrated using the Schüller Projection?

    <p>Rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positioning consideration is crucial for the AP Axial Projection when imaging hypersthenic patients?

    <p>Patient should be seated or upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation required for the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection?

    <p>1 to 10° ML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is best demonstrated in the Lateral Projection?

    <p>Petrosae mastoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PA axial Projection (Haas Method), where is the central ray directed?

    <p>3 inches above the sellar region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of positioning the IOML parallel to the image receptor in the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>To align the cranial base structures accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is specifically used to demonstrate the anatomy of the labyrinth and tympanic cavities?

    <p>Valdini Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)?

    <p>Demonstrates the Eustachian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Cranial Base projection, which position helps increase intra-cranial pressure?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of angulating 10° ML in the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>To view the dens (axis) clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Alexander Method, which structure is well demonstrated?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation required for the Sphenoid Strut projection?

    <p>7° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning aligns the MSP toward the side of interest in the Sphenoid Strut method?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Pfeiffer-Comberg Method specifically localize?

    <p>Corneoscleral junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection method effectively demonstrates the margins of the superior orbital fissures?

    <p>Superior Orbital Fissures method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position for the Modified Lysholm Method?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sweet method, what is necessary for the exact location of a foreign body?

    <p>Geometric calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Vogt Bone-Free method, what position does the eye need to be in for imaging?

    <p>Straight and forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary anatomical structure well demonstrated by the Alexander Method?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Modified Lysholm Method, which direction is the IOML angled towards?

    <p>20° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection method requires the patient's forehead and nose to rest against the image receptor for optimal results?

    <p>Superior Orbital Fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation used for the Sphenoid Strut projection?

    <p>7° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is well demonstrated by the Inferior Orbital Fissure method?

    <p>Inferior orbital fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific setup is required for the Vogt Bone-Free method to effectively locate foreign bodies?

    <p>Eye positioned in various directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Sweet method, what is required for accurately locating the foreign body?

    <p>Geometric calculations with external markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal angulation for the Superior Orbital Fissures projection?

    <p>20-25° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is demonstrated by the Towne method when angulation is set at 30° caudad?

    <p>Dorsum sellae and anterior clinoid processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are well demonstrated in the PA axial projection (Haas method)?

    <p>Posterior and anterior clinoid processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lateral projection, which alignment is crucial for ensuring no distortion or rotation of the imaging region?

    <p>MSP parallel to the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation for the optic canal & foramen projection using the Rhese method?

    <p>53° superior to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not demonstrated in the lateral projection?

    <p>Frontal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is characterized by a semi-prone position and aligns the affected orbit towards the IR?

    <p>Optic canal &amp; foramen projection (Rhese method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lateral projection, where is the 3/4 inch angulation directed?

    <p>Anterior to the EAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positioning is required in the Towne method concerning the IOML and OML?

    <p>Both IOML and OML parallel to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation for the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>10° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures are BEST demonstrated with the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>Carotid canals and mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection, what is the positioning of the patient's chin?

    <p>Fully extended on the image receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes a 30-35° caudad angulation during positioning?

    <p>Lysholm method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required alignment for the Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)?

    <p>IOML // IR and MSP // IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Valdini method (PA axial Projection), what is the required positioning for the patient's head?

    <p>Acutely flexed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is well demonstrated 1/2 inch below the Inion in the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>Dorsum sellae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>Requires the neck to be hyperextended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper alignment for the Lateral Projection of the cranium?

    <p>MSP // to IR, OML // to IR, IPL 1 to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT demonstrated in the PA Projection?

    <p>Greater wings of sphenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the AP Axial Projection (Towne Method), what is the angulation of the central ray when using OML?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is demonstrated using the HAAS method in a prone position?

    <p>Occipital bone with maximum view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angulation is required for the Schüller Projection to show the superior orbital fissure?

    <p>25° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position is the patient during a Cross-table/Robinson/Meares/GOREC projection?

    <p>Dorsal Decub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are effectively demonstrated in the AP Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Magnified orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection method is specifically designed for patients unable to lie prone due to cervical spinal injury?

    <p>Lateral Decubitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main anatomical structure emphasized in the AP Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)?

    <p>Petrous ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What projection method utilizes angulation at 30° to demonstrate the posterior clinoid processes?

    <p>Towne Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the required angulation for the PA axial Projection (Haas Method)?

    <p>10° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures are specifically demonstrated in the Cranial Base projection?

    <p>Carotid canals and occipital bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Verticosubmental (VSM) projection, what is the angulation relative to the image receptor?

    <p>1 to 10 ML</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning is required for the Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)?

    <p>Semi-prone with MSP parallel to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alignment required for the PA axial Projection using the Valdini method?

    <p>OML perpendicular to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are well demonstrated above the foramen magnum in the Valdini method?

    <p>Dorsum sellae and P.clinoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positioning requirement for obtaining the PA axial projection (Caldwell method)?

    <p>Patient recumbent with forehead and nose against the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Cranial Base projection, what structure is located at 1 to 10 ML from the CR?

    <p>Sella turcica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective angulation for the Towne method when the position is 10ML?

    <p>37° caudad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection method is characterized by the patient being in a prone position to effectively demonstrate the dorsum and tuberculum sellae?

    <p>PA axial projection (Haas Method)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical features are well demonstrated using the Optic canal & Foramen (Rhese Method)?

    <p>Affected optic canal and foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position aligns the affected orbit superiorly for the PAZAM projection?

    <p>Prone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lateral Projection, what position must the head be in relative to the image receptor?

    <p>MSP aligned parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angulation is required for the PA axial projection using the Haas Method?

    <p>10° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which positioning technique is used for the Superior Orbital Fissures projection?

    <p>Patient in a prone position with MSP aligned lateral to the IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are best visualized in the Lateral Projection of the cranium?

    <p>Sphenoid sinus and petrous pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required alignment for the Towne method positioning?

    <p>MSP perpendicular to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structures are best visualized using the Modified Lysholm Method?

    <p>Inferior orbital fissure and anterior clinoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sphenoid Strut projection, which direction is the MSP angled toward?

    <p>Toward the affected side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct angulation for the Inferior Orbital Fissure using the Bretel method?

    <p>20-25° nasion cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of projection is utilized in the Vogt Bone-Free method?

    <p>Localizatin method with eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal demonstration of the PA Projection?

    <p>Frontal bone and orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection requires a 7° caudad angulation to best demonstrate the sphenoid strut?

    <p>Sphenoid Strut projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the AP Axial Projection, what is the primary angle used for cephalad angulation?

    <p>15°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are demonstrated using the Sweet method?

    <p>Exact location of foreign bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection is specifically used for demonstrating traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion?

    <p>Crosstable/Robinson/Meares/GOREC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is designed to demonstrate small, low-density foreign particles within the anterior segment of the eye?

    <p>Vogt Bone-Free method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the angulation in the Schüller Projection?

    <p>To highlight the rotundum foramina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method), which structure is best shown in the upper two-thirds of the orbits?

    <p>Petrous ridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper alignment for the True Caldwell Method?

    <p>OML perpendicular to IR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projection method utilizes a dorsal decubitus position?

    <p>Crosstable Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structures are shown in the AP Projection?

    <p>Frontal bone and orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Towne Method, what specific structures are demonstrated?

    <p>Symmetric petrous pyramids and foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angulation requirement for the Haas method?

    <p>25° cephalad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cranium

    • Lateral Projection:
      • Seated or semi-prone position with the side of interest closest to the IR.
      • Head in a true lateral position.
      • MSP, IOML, and IPL are parallel to the IR.
      • Clearly demonstrates the sella turcica, dorsum sellae, greater wings of the sphenoid, and parietal bone.
      • No overlap of the cervical spine by the mandible.
      • Structures superimposed include the orbital roofs, EAM, mastoid regions, and TMJ.
    • Crosstable/ Robinson/ Meares/ GOREC Projection:
      • Dorsal decubitus position with the affected side near the IR.
      • MSP parallel to the IR, IPL perpendicular to the IR.
      • Used for demonstrating traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion and basal fractures of the FOR.
    • Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral):
      • Supine lateral position with the head turned toward the side of interest.
      • MSP parallel to the IR, IPL perpendicular to the IR.
      • Head supported by a radiolucent pad.
      • Demonstrates the same structures as the lateral projection.
    • PA Projection:
      • Prone position with the MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR.
      • Rest the forehead on the IR, align the nose with the IR, and ensure the EAMs are equidistant from the IR.
      • CR exits the nasion.
      • Well demonstrates the frontal bone, orbits, petrous pyramids, crista galli, dorsum sellae, and sinuses (frontal and posterior ethmoidal air cells).
    • PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method):
      • Prone position with MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR.
      • Rest the forehead on the IR, align the nose with the IR, and ensure the EAMs are equidistant from the IR.
      • CR exits the nasion.
      • Well demonstrates the petrous ridges, frontal sinuses, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses.
    • Schüller Projection:
      • Angulation of 15° to 30° caudad with the CR exiting the nasion or mid-orbits.
      • Clearly demonstrates the rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure.
    • PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus):
      • Lateral decubitus position for patients who cannot lie prone or have cervical spinal injuries.
      • Body is supine, head is in true lateral position facing the IR.
      • MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR.
      • PA projection with 15° caudad angulation, CR exiting the nasion.
    • True/Original Caldwell Method:
      • Prone position with the forehead resting on the IR, nose aligned with the IR, and the GML perpendicular to the IR.
      • MSP parallel to the IR.
      • Angulation of 23° caudad with the CR exiting the nasion.
      • Demonstrates the same structures as the PA axial projection.
    • AP Projection:
      • Supine position with MSP perpendicular to the IR and OML parallel to the IR.
      • CR directed perpendicular to the nasion.
      • CR exits the nasion.
      • Magnified PA image demonstrating magnified orbits.
    • AP Axial Projection:
      • Supine or upright position with an angulation of 15° cephalad, CR exiting the nasion.
      • For hypersthenic patients, perform the projection while seated or upright.
      • Magnified PA image demonstrating magnified orbits.
    • AP Axial Projection (Towne Method):
      • Supine positioning with MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML perpendicular to the IR with a 30° caudad angulation, and IOML perpendicular to the IR with a 37° caudad angulation.
      • Well demonstrates SPDOP: Symmetric Petrous Pyramids, Posterior clinoid processes, Dorsum sellae, Posterior portion of the Parietal bone.
    • Grashey Method (1912 Cranium):
      • Angulation of 2 1/2" (6.3 cm) above the slabella to the occipital bone.
    • Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain):
      • Angulation of 40° caudad with strong chin depression.
      • CR directed to MSP, positioned 3 inches above the eyebrows towards the foramen magnum.
      • Demonstrates ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, and rotundum foramina.
    • Haas Method (PA Axial):
      • Prone position with MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR.
      • Rest the forehead on the IR, align the nose with the IR, and include the vertex of the skull.
      • Angulation of 25° cephalad with the CR exiting 1/2 inch superior to the nasion.
      • CR angle of 25° cephalad to OML.
      • Well demonstrates sellar structure within the foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients.
    • Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine:
      • AP axial projection in lateral decubitus position.
      • Angulation of 40° to 60° caudad.
      • Demonstrates the entire foramen magnum.
    • Pathologic or Trauma Projection:
      • Semisupine position with the OML perpendicular to the IR.
      • Angulation of 30° caudad.
      • Used for demonstrating pathologic conditions, trauma deformity, and accentuated dorsal kyphosis.
    • PA Axial Projection (Haas Method):
      • Prone positioning with MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR, forehead resting on IR, and nose aligned with the IR.
      • Include the vertex of the skull.
      • Center the IR 3 inches above the sellar region.
      • Angulation of 10° cephalad.
      • Well demonstrates the Dorsum and tuberculum sellae, posterior and anterior clinoid processes, and ethmoidal sinuses.
    • Cranial Base:
      • Supine or upright position with IOML parallel to the IR, CR perpendicular to the 10ML.
      • MSP perpendicular to the IR, neck hyperextended, and vertex resting on the IR.
      • Angulation based on the targeted structure, typically 10ML for the sella turcica and 6 inches from the gonion.
      • Well demonstrates the cranial base, foramen ovale, spinosum, petrosae mastoid process, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens (axis), occipital bone, sinuses, orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, and mastoid process.
    • Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection:
      • Prone position with MSP perpendicular to the IR, fully extend the chin on the IR.
      • CR directed perpendicular to the 10ML, positioned 3/4 inch anterior to the EAM.
      • Provides similar information to the SMV projection but with less magnification.
      • Useful for visualizing the anterior cranial base and sphenoid sinuses.
    • Lysholm Method (Axiolateral Projection):
      • Semi-prone position with MSP, IOML, and IPL parallel to the IR.
      • Angulation of 30-35° caudad with the CR directed 1 inch distal to the lower EAM.
      • Uses DILA and ETB points for alignment.
      • Used for demonstrating the lateral aspects of the cranial base, dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, and bony pari (Eustachian) tube.
    • Valdini Method (PA Axial Projection):
      • Recumbent or upright position with the upper frontal skull resting on the IR, head acutely flexed, and MSP perpendicular to the IR.
      • Align the nasion with the 28 IR, IOML with the auditory canals at 50°, and -10ML with the auditory canals at 50°, with the CR 0.5 inch distal to the nasion.
      • Well demonstrates the labyrinths of the ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes, tuberculum sellae, and anterior clinoid processes.
    • Lateral Projection:
      • Semi-prone or upright positioning with the head in a true lateral position.
      • MSP, 10ML, and IPL parallel to the IR.
      • CR positioned 3/4 inch anterior and 3/4 inch posterior to the EAM.
      • Used for visualizing the sellar region without distortion or rotation.
    • Towne Method (AP Axial Projection):
      • Supine or upright positioning with MSP parallel to the IR, IOML parallel to the IR, and OML parallel to the IR.
      • Angulation of 37° caudad for the 10ML and 30° caudad for the DML.
      • CR directed 3 inches above the glabella towards the sellar region.
      • Demonstrates the petrous pyramids, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes, and tuberculum sellae.
    • PA Axial Projection (Haas Method):
      • Prone position with MSP parallel to the IR, DML perpendicular to the IR, forehead resting on the IR, and nose aligned with the IR.
      • Angulation of 10° cephalad, CR directed 1/2 inch below the inion.
      • Well demonstrates the dorsum sellae, tuberculum sellae, posterior and anterior clinoid processes, and ethmoidal sinuses.
    • Optic Canal & Foramen (Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection Rhese Method):
      • Semi-prone position with the affected orbit positioned 1 inch superior and posterior to the TEA.
      • Rest the zygoma, nose, and chin on the IR.
      • Align the AML perpendicular to the IR, with the MSP at 53° to the IR.
      • Well demonstrates the optic canal and foramen.
    • PAZAM Projection:
      • Prone position with the affected orbit facing the IR, zygoma aligned with the IR, AML perpendicular to the IR, and MSP at 53° to the IR.
    • Orbito-Parietal Oblique Projection (Rhese Method):
      • Supine position with the affected orbit facing away from the IR, MSP aligned at 53° to the IR. and AML perpendicular to the IR.
      • Well demonstrates the inferior and lateral quadrants of the uppermost orbit, optic canal, and foramen.
    • Reverse of Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection:
      • For patients who cannot prone, this projection is performed with the affected orbit facing away from the IR, MSP at 53° to the IR, and AML perpendicular to the IR.
      • Results in higher radiation dose for the patient.
    • Alexander Method (Orbito-Parietal Oblique Projection):
      • Supine positioning with AML perpendicular to the IR, MSP at 40° to the IR, and the IR positioned 15° from vertical.
      • CR directed inferiorly to the lateral margin of the uppermost orbit.
      • Well demonstrates the optic canal and foramen.
    • Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection):
      • Prone positioning with forehead and nose resting on the IR, IOML parallel to the IR with a 20° caudad angulation, 10ML parallel to the IR with a 30° caudad angulation, and MSP at 20° to the vertical.
      • CR directed to the inferior root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid.
      • Well demonstrates the optic canal and foramen, orbit, anterior clinoid process, and superior orbital fissure.
    • Sphenoid Strut:
      • Prone with the supercilliary ridge/arch and the side of the nose resting on the IR, IOML parallel to the IR, and MSP at 20° towards the side of interest.
      • Angulation of 7° caudad.
      • Demonstrates the sphenoid strut, unaffected by superimposition.
    • Superior Orbital Fissures:
      • Prone position with MSP parallel to the IR, forehead and nose resting on the IR, and OML parallel to the IR.
      • Angulation of 20-25° caudad.
      • Demonstrates the inferior margin of the orbit, petrous ridge, superior orbital fissure, and margins of the superior orbital fissure.
    • Inferior Orbital Fissure (Bretel Method PA Axial Projection):
      • Prone position with MSP parallel to the IR, forehead and nose resting on the IR, and 10ML parallel to the IR.
      • Angulation of 20-25° cephalad, with the CR directed 3 inches (7.6 cm) below the inion.
      • Well demonstrates the inferior orbital fissure.
    • **EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localization Method) **
      • Vogt Bone-Free Method:
        • Patient's eye is straight and forward.
        • Series of exposures are performed looking upward, downward, left, and right.
        • Used to detect small or low-density foreign particles in the eyeball or eyelid.
      • Sweet Method:
        • Precise localization of a foreign body using geometric calculations.
        • Requires a localizer device.
      • Pfeiffer-Comberg Method:
        • Localizes foreign bodies in relation to the limbus (corneoscleral junction).
        • Uses a leaded contact lens placed over the cornea

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Seated or semi-prone, with the side of interest closest to the image receptor.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sella turcica (anterior and posterior clinoid processes), dorsum sellae, greater wings of the sphenoid, parietal bone (penetrated).
    • No overlap of the cervical vertebrae by the mandible.
    • Superimposed structures: Orbital roofs, external auditory meatus, mastoid regions, temporomandibular joint.

    Crosstable/ Robinson/ Meares/ GOREC Projection

    • Position: Dorsal decubitus.
    • Alignment: Affected side nearest to the image receptor, MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion,
    • Best view for demonstrating a basal skull fracture of the foramen ovale.

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Position: Supine lateral, turn head toward the side of interest.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Support head with a radiolucent pad.
    • Demonstrates the same structures as the lateral projection.

    PA Projection

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, rest forehead on table, nose touching IR, EAM equidistant to IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Frontal bone (orbits, petrous pyramid, crista galli, dorsum sellae), frontal sinuses, posterior ethmoidal air cells.

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, rest forehead on table, nose touching IR, EAM equidistant to IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Petrous ridges (from lower 1/3 of orbits to upper 2/3 of orbits)
      • Frontal sinuses
      • Anterior ethmoidal sinuses

    Schüller Projection

    • Angulation: 15 degrees caudad (exit nasion), 25 degrees caudad (exit nasion) 25-30 degrees caudad (exit nasion), 20-25 degrees caudad (exit midorbits).
    • Demonstrates: Rotundum foramen, superior orbital fissure.

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Position: Lateral decubitus, body supine, head in true lateral position facing IR.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 15° caudad (exit nasion)

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: Rest forehead and nose on IR, GML perpendicular to IR, MSP parallel to IR.
    • Angulation: 23 degrees caudad, exit nasion.
    • Demonstrates the same as PA axial.

    AP Projection

    • Position: Supine.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: Center IR on nasion.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: PA image magnified, orbits are magnified.

    AP Axial Projection

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 15 degrees cephalad (exit nasion), for hypersthenic patients do this projection seated/upright.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Orbits are magnified
      • PA image magnified

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Position : Supine.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR (30 degrees caudad), IOML perpendicular to IR (37 degrees caudad).
    • Demonstrates: SPDOP (Symmetric Petrous Pyramid, Posterior (foramen magnum), Posterior clinoid, Dorsum sellae (processes within foramen magnum), Posterior (parietal bone)).

    Grashey Method (1912 cranium)

    • Angulation: 2 1/2 inches (6.3 cm) above the slabella, directed to the occipital bone.

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Angulation: 40 degrees caudad, strong depression of the chin.
    • Chin depressed, CR to MSP, 3 inches above eyebrows directed to the foramen magnum.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Used for tomographic studies, ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, rotundum foramina.

    Haas method (PA axial)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, rest on forehead, nose touching IR, include vertex of skull.
    • Angulation: 25 degrees cephalad (exit 1/2 inch superior nasion), 25 degrees cephalad to OML (Haas method).
    • Demonstrates:
      • Sellar structure with foramen magnum (hypersthenic patients who can't do a Towne Projection).
      • Occipito-basal occipital region of the cranium.
      • Symmetrical, pars petrosa, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum, entire cranium.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine

    • Position: AP axial projection, lateral decubitus.
    • Angulation: 40 to 60 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Entire foramen magnum.

    Pathologic or trauma

    • Position: Semisupine, OML perpendicular to IR, angulation 30 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Pathologic condition, trauma deformity, accentuated dorsal kyphosis.

    PA axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, rest on forehead, nose touching IR, include vertex of skull, center IR 3 inches above the sellar region.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates:
      • 1/2 inch below inion, dorsum & tuberculum sellae.
      • Glabella, posterior & anterior clinoid processes.
      • Above ethmoidal sinuses (through frontal bone).
      • Sellar structures within foramen magnum (hypersthenic patient).

    Cranial Base

    • Position: Supine or upright, IOML parallel to IR, CR perpendicular to IOML, MSP perpendicular to IR, neck hyperextended.
    • Rest vertex on IR (supine position) to increase intracranial pressure (may cause dizziness in some individuals).
    • Angulation: 3/4 anterior sella turcica - EAM (10ML), gonion 6 inches.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Cranial base, foramina ovale & spinosum, symmetrical petrous and mastoid processes, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens of the axis, occipital bone, sphenoidal & ethmoidal sinuses (maxillary sinuses superimposed over mandible).
      • Axial topography of orbits, optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid process, zygomatic arches.

    Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, rest on forehead, completely extend chin on IR.
    • Angulation: 1 to 10 ML, 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to external auditory meatus (sella turcica).
    • Demonstrates:
      • Same as SMV (distorted and magnified basal structures).
      • Useful for: anterior cranial base, sphenoid sinuses.
      • Reduces magnification.
      • Place throat on IR.

    Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)

    • Position: Semi-prone, MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR, 30-35 degrees caudad, 1 inch distal to lower EAM.
    • DILA: 10ML 50 degrees, IAM.
    • ETB: OML 50 degrees, EAM.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Oblique position of the lateral cranial base (closest to IR).
      • Dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, mastoid pneumatization.

    Valdini method (PA axial Projection)

    • Position:
      • Recumbent/upright : rest upper frontal skull on IR, head acutely flexed, MSP perpendicular to IR (nasion 28 IR), IOML 50 degrees (auditory canals), -10ML 50 degrees (auditory canals), 1/2 inch distal to nasion (foramen magnum).
    • Demonstrates:
      • Labyrinths of the ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube.
      • Above the foramen magnum shadow: dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid process.
      • Below the foramen magnum shadow: tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid process.

    Lateral Projection

    • Position: Semi-prone or upright, head in true lateral position.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, 10ML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior, 3/4 inch posterior to EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Lateral projection of the sellar region (no distortion or rotation), superimposed anterior & posterior clinoid processes, sphenoid sinus, dorsum sellae.

    Towne method (APaxial Projection)

    • Position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 37 degrees caudad (10ML), 30 degrees caudad (DML).
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates:
      • 3 inches above glabella, sellar region, petrous pyramid, 37 degrees caudad (10ML), dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum.
      • 30 degrees caudad (DML), dorsum & tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes, above foramen magnum.

    PA axial projection (Haas Method)

    • Position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, DML perpendicular to IR, rest forehead, nose touching IR.
    • Angulation: 10 degrees cephalad.
    • Demonstrates:
      • 1/2 inch below inion, dorsum & tuberculum sellae.
      • Glabella, posterior & anterior clinoid processes.
      • Above ethmoidal sinuses (through frontal bone).
      • 25 degrees cephalad to OML, sellar structures within foramen magnum (hypersthenic patient).

    Optic canal & Foramen (Parietoorbital oblique Projection Rhese Method)

    • Position: Semi-prone, affected orbit 1 inch superior and perpendicular to posterior to EAM, closest to IR, rest zygoma, nose and chin on IR, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53 degrees to IR.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Affected optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of affected orbit.
      • Frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.

    PAZAM

    • Position: Prone, affected orbit closest to IR, zygoma, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 53 degrees to IR.

    ORBITO-PARIETAL oblique proj (Rhese Method)

    • Position: Supine, affected orbit away from IR, MSP 53 degrees to IR, AML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Inferior and lateral quadrant of the uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen, inferior and lateral quadrant of the orbit.

    Reverse Of Parieto orbital Oblique Proj.- For pt who can't prone (TOID)

    • Increases patient dose.

    Alexander Method (ORBITO- Parietal oblique projection)

    • Position: Supine, AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 40 degrees to IR, IR 15 degrees from vertical, affected orbit away from IR.
    • Angulation: Inferior and lateral margin of uppermost orbit.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Optic canal and foramen.

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Position: Prone, rest forehead and nose on IR, IOML perpendicular to IR (20 degrees caudad), 10ML perpendicular to IR (30 degrees caudad), MSP 20 degrees from vertical.
    • Angulation: Inferior root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Affected optic canal and foramen, anterior clinoid process, superior orbital fissure.
      • 20 degrees for the anterior clinoid process, 30 degrees for the superior orbital fissure.

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Position: Prone, superciliary ridge/arch and side of nose on IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, MSP 20 degrees toward the side of interest.
    • Angulation: 7 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Affected orbit, unobstructed and undistorted image.
      • Sphenoid strut (lies between the sphenoid sinus and the combined shades of the anterior clinoid processes and the lesser wing of the sphenoid).

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, rest forehead and nose IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25 degrees caudad.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Inferior margin of orbit, petrous ridge at or inferior to the inferior margin of the orbits, superior orbital fissure, elongated dark areas on the medial orbits between the greater wing and the sphenoid, margins of the superior orbital fissure (narrowed).
      • 15 degrees caudad.

    Inferior Orbital fissure (Bretel method PA axial Projection)

    • Position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead touching IR, nose on IR, 10ML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25 degrees nasion cephalad, 3 inches (7.6 cm) below the inion.
    • Demonstrates:
      • Inferior orbital fissure, orbital fissure between the shadows of the pterygoid lamina (sphenoid) and condylar process (mandible).

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localization Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free method

    • Position: eye straight forward, look upward vertically, look downward vertically, look left horizontally, look right horizontally.
    • Demonstrates: Small or low-density foreign particles in the anterior segment of the eyeball or eyelid.
    • Uses a peri-apical/occlusal size dental film.

    Sweet method

    • Used for exact location of foreign bodies with geometric calculations.
    • Requires a localizer device (2 markers for known positioning measurements).
    • 2 exposures: 1 at 15-25 degrees cephalad.

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Foreign body is localized in relation to the limbus (corneoscleral junction).
    • Leaded contact lens placed over the cornea.

    Lateral Projection

    • Patient position: Seated or semi-prone with the side of interest closest to the image receptor (IR).
    • Head alignment: MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, and IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sella turcica (anterior and posterior clinoid processes), dorsum sellae, greater wings of sphenoid, and parietal bone.
    • Superimposed structures: Orbital roofs, external auditory meatus (EAM), mastoid regions, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

    Crosstable/Robinson/Meares/GOREC Projection

    • Patient position: Dorsal decubitus.
    • Alignment: Affected side near IR, MSP parallel to IR, and IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion and fractures of the foramen ovale.

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Patient position: Supine with the head turned towards the side of interest.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR and IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Support: Use a radiolucent pad to support the head.
    • Demonstrates: Same structures as the lateral projection.

    PA Projection

    • Patient position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML parallel to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose centered to IR, and EAMs equidistant to IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Frontal bone, orbits, petrous pyramid, crista galli, dorsum sellae, frontal and posterior ethmoidal sinuses.

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Patient position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML parallel to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose centered to IR, and EAMs equidistant to IR.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Petrous ridges (lower 1/3 of orbits and upper 2/3 of orbits), frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses.

    Schüller Projection

    • Angulation: 15° caudad (exit nasion), 25° caudad (exit nasion), 25-30° caudad (exit nasion), or 20-25° caudad (exit mid-orbits).
    • Demonstrates: Rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure.

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Patient position: Lateral decubitus. Patients with cervical spinal injuries or who cannot lie prone can be positioned with their body supine and their head in a true lateral position facing the IR.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 15° caudad (exit nasion) for PA projection.

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Patient position: Prone.
    • Alignment: Forehead resting on IR, nose centered to IR, GML perpendicular to IR, and MSP parallel to IR.
    • Angulation: 23° caudad (exit nasion).
    • Demonstrates: Same as PA axial projection.

    AP Projection

    • Patient position: Supine.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: Center IR to nasion.
    • Exit point: Nasion.
    • Demonstrates: Magnified PA image and orbits.

    AP Axial Projection

    • Patient position: Supine or upright (seated for hypersthenic patients).
    • Angulation: 15° cephalad (exit nasion) for supine patients.
    • Demonstrates: Magnified PA image and orbits.

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Patient position: Supine.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR (30° caudad), and IOML perpendicular to IR (37° caudad) .
    • Demonstrates: Symmetric petrous pyramid (SPDOP), foramen magnum, posterior clinoid processes, dorsum sellae, and posterior parietal bone.

    Grashey Method (1912 cranium)

    • Angulation: 2 1/2" (6.3 cm) above sella (occipital bone).

    Altschul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Angulation: 40° caudad (chin strongly depressed) with the CR directed to the MSP and 3 inches above the eyebrows towards the foramen magnum.
    • Demonstrates: Ears, facial canal, jugular foramina, and rotundum foramina. Also used for tomographic studies.

    Haas method (PA axial)

    • Patient position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose centered to IR, and vertex of skull included.
    • Angulation: 25° cephalad (exit 1/2 in superior nasion) or 25° cephalad to the OML for the Haas method.
    • Demonstrates: Sellar structures within the foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients who cannot do a Towne Projection, occipito-basal occipital cranial region, pars petrosa, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid process, foramen magnum, and the entire cranium.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlaine

    • Patient position: AP axial projection with the patient in lateral decubitus.
    • Angulation: 40 to 60° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Entire foramen magnum.

    Pathologic or Trauma

    • Patient position: Semisupine with the OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 30° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Pathologic conditions, trauma deformities, and exaggerated dorsal kyphosis.

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Patient position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, OML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, nose centered to IR, vertex of skull included, and center IR 3 inches above the sellar region.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: Dorsum and tuberculum sellae (1/2 inch below the inion), posterior and anterior clinoid processes (glabella), the ethmoidal sinuses (through the frontal bone), and the sellar structures within the foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients.

    Cranial Base

    • Patient position: Supine or upright with IOML parallel to IR, CR perpendicular to 10 ML, MSP perpendicular to IR, and neck hyperextended. Rest the vertex on the IR for supine patients (increase intra-cranial pressure and potential for dizziness).
    • Angulation: 10ML (3/4 anterior to EAM for sella turcica) and 6 inches at the gonion.
    • Demonstrates: Cranial base (foramen ovale and spinosum), symmetric petrosae mastoid process, carotid canals, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens of axis, occipital bone, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses (maxillary sinuses superimposed over mandible), orbits (axial topography), optic canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, mastoid process, and zygomatic arches.

    Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection

    • Patient position: Prone with the MSP perpendicular to IR, resting the fully extended chin on IR.
    • Angulation: 1 to 10 ML, 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) anterior to the EAM (sella turcica).
    • Demonstrates: Same as SMV (distorted and magnified basal structures), useful for visualization of the anterior cranial base, sphenoid sinus.
    • Reduces magnification
    • Place the throat on the IR.

    Lysholm method (axiolateral projection)

    • Patient position: Semi-prone with the MSP parallel to IR, IOML parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR, 30-35° caudad angulation, and IR positioned 1 inch distal to the inferior EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Oblique lateral view of the cranial base (closest to IR), dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, and mastoid pneumatization.

    Valdini method (PA axial Projection)

    • Patient position: Recumbent or upright, resting the upper frontal skull on IR with the head acutely flexed, MSP perpendicular to IR (nasion 28 IR), IOML 50° (auditory canals), and -10ML 50° (auditory canals). Center 0.5 inches distal to the nasion for the foramen magnum.
    • Demonstrates: Labyrinths of ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, dorsum sellae (above the foramen magnum shadow), posterior clinoid process (above foramen magnum shadow), tuberculum sellae (below foramen magnum shadow), and anterior clinoid process (below foramen magnum shadow).

    Lateral Projection

    • Patient position: Semi-prone or upright with the head in a true lateral position.
    • Alignment: MSP parallel to IR, 10 ML parallel to IR, and IPL perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 3/4 inch (1.9) anterior and posterior to the EAM.
    • Demonstrates: Lateral projection of the sellar region with no distortion or rotation; superimposed anterior and posterior clinoid processes; sphenoid sinus; and dorsum sellae.

    Towne method (APaxial Projection)

    • Patient position: Supine or upright.
    • Angulation: 37° caudad (10ML) or 30° caudad (10ML).
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, and OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Sellar region (3 inches above glabella), petrous pyramids; dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum (37° caudad 10ML); dorsum and tuberculum sellae, anterior clinoid processes, and foramen magnum (30° caudad 10ML).

    PA axial projection (Haas Method)

    • Patient position: Prone.
    • Alignment: MSP perpendicular to IR, DML perpendicular to IR, forehead resting on IR, and nose centered to IR.
    • Angulation: 10° cephalad.
    • Demonstrates: Dorsum and tuberculum sellae (1/2 inch below the inion), posterior and anterior clinoid processes (glabella), ethmoidal sinuses (through the frontal bone), and sellar structure within the foramen magnum for hypersthenic patients.

    Optic canal & Foramen (Parieto orbital oblique Projection Rhese Method)

    • Patient position: Semi-prone with the affected orbit positioned 1 inch superior and posterior to the TEA, closest to the IR. Rest the zygoma, nose, and chin on the IR, AML perpendicular to IR, and MSP 53° to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen (inferior and lateral quadrant of affected orbit).
    • Sinuses: Frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal.

    PAZAM

    • Patient position: Prone with the affected orbit facing the IR, AML perpendicular to IR, and MSP 53° to IR.

    ORBITO-PARIETAL oblique proj (Rhese Method)

    • Patient position: Supine with the affected orbit positioned towards the IR, MSP 53° to IR, and AML perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior and lateral quadrant of the uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen (inferior and lateral quadrant of the orbit).

    Reverse Of Parieto orbital Oblique Proj.- For pt who can't prone TOID

    • Increased patient dose.

    Alexander Method (ORBITO- Parietal oblique projection)

    • Patient position: Supine with the AML perpendicular to IR, MSP 40° to IR, IR 15° from vertical, and affected orbit away from the IR.
    • Angulation: Inferior and lateral margin of the uppermost orbit.
    • Demonstrates: Optic canal and foramen.

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Patient position: Prone with the forehead and nose resting on the IR, IOML perpendicular to IR (20° caudad), 10ML perpendicular to IR (30° caudad), and MSP 20° from vertical.
    • Angulation: Inferior root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid.
    • Demonstrates: Affected optic canal and foramen, orbit, anterior clinoid process (20°), and superior orbital fissure (30°).

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Patient position: Prone with the supercilliary ridge/arch and side of the nose on the IR, IOML perpendicular to IR, and MSP 20° toward the side of interest (IR).
    • Angulation: 7° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Affected orbit (unobstructed and undistorted image), sphenoid strut, and the sphenoid sinus and the combined shadows of the anterior clinoid processes and lesser wing of the sphenoid.

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Patient position: Prone with the MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead and nose resting on IR, and OML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25° caudad.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior margins of the orbits, petrous ridge at/below inferior margins of the orbits, superior orbital fissure (elongated dark areas on medial orbits between the greater wing and sphenoid), margins of the superior orbital fissure (narrowed), and 15° caudad.

    Inferior Orbital fissure (Bretel method PA axial Projection)

    • Patient position: Prone, MSP perpendicular to IR, forehead and nose resting on IR, and 10 ML perpendicular to IR.
    • Angulation: 20-25° nasion cephalad with the CR 3 inches (7.6 cm) below the inion.
    • Demonstrates: Inferior orbital fissure (between shadows of the pterygoid lamina of the sphenoid and the condylar process of the mandible).

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localizatin Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free method

    • Patient position: Eye straight forward with four separate positions: first look upward (vertical), second look downward, first look left (horizontal), and second look right.
    • Demonstrates: Detects small or low-density foreign particles in the anterior segment of the eyeball or eyelid (uses a periapical or occlusal-sized dental film).

    Sweet method

    • Demonstrates: Exact location of the foreign body using geometric calculations.
    • Requires a device (2 markers for known positions for measurement): A localizer device, 8x10 film tunnel of the pedestal type. Two exposures using lateral projections at 115-25° cephalad.

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Demonstrates: Foreign body localized in relation to the limbus (corneoscleral junction) - waters horizontal lateral.
    • Leaded contact lens placed over cornea.

    Lateral Projection

    • Cranium projection with the side of interest closest to the image receptor (IR)
    • Demonstrates the sella turcica, dorsum sellae, greater wings of the sphenoid, and parietal bone
    • Superimposes the orbital roofs, external auditory meatus (EAM), mastoid regions, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

    Crosstable/Robinson/Meares/GOREC Projection

    • Performed with the patient in a dorsal decubitus position
    • Demonstrates traumatic sphenoid sinus effusion and foramen ovale (FOR) basal fractures

    Lateral Projection (Supine Lateral)

    • Variation of the lateral projection with patient in supine position, head turned towards the side of interest
    • Demonstrates the same structures as the standard lateral projection

    PA Projection

    • Cranium projection with the patient prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR
    • Demonstrates the frontal bone, orbits, petrous pyramids, crista galli, dorsum sellae, frontal sinuses, and posterior ethmoidal air cells

    PA Axial Projection (Caldwell Method)

    • Cranium projection with the patient prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR
    • Demonstrates the petrous ridges, frontal sinuses, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses

    Schüller Projection

    • Variation of the PA axial projection with 15° - 30° caudad angulation
    • Demonstrates the rotundum foramina and superior orbital fissure

    PA/PA Axial Projection (Lateral Decubitus)

    • Cranium projection performed in lateral decubitus position, indicated for patients unable to prone or with cervical spinal injury
    • Demonstrates the same structures as the standard PA and PA axial projections.

    True/Original Caldwell Method

    • Variation of the PA axial projection with 23° caudad angulation
    • Demonstrates the same structures as the PA axial projection

    AP Projection

    • Cranium projection obtained with the patient supine, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR
    • Demonstrates a magnified PA image, especially of the orbits

    AP Axial Projection

    • Cranium projection obtained with the patient supine, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR
    • Demonstrates a magnified AP image, especially of the orbits

    AP Axial Projection (Towne Method)

    • Cranium projection obtained with the patient supine, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML 30° caudad, IOML 37° caudad to the IR
    • Demonstrates the symmetrical petrous pyramids, posterior clinoid Processes, dorsum sellae, posterior parietal bone, and foramen magnum

    Grashey Method (1912 Cranium)

    • Variation of the PA Axial projection with a 2 1/2" (6.3 cm) angulation above the slabella
    • Demonstrates the occipital bone

    Alsthul & Towne Method (Chamberlain)

    • Cranium projection performed with 40° caudad angulation
    • Demonstrates the ears, facial canals, jugular foramina, and rotundum foramina.

    Haas Method (PA Axial)

    • Cranium projection obtained with patient prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR, 25° cephalad angulation.
    • Demonstrates the sellar structure within foramen magnum, occipito-basal occipital region, pars petrosa, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid processes.

    Towne-Altschul-Grashey-Chamberlain

    • Cranium projection performed with 40° - 60° caudad angulation in the lateral decubitus position.
    • Demonstrates the entire foramen magnum.

    Pathologic or Trauma

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient semi-supine, OML parallel to the IR, 30° caudad angulation.
    • Demonstrates pathological condition, trauma deformities, and dorsal kyphosis.

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, OML parallel to the IR, 10° cephalad angulation.
    • Demonstrates the dorsum and tuberculum sellae, posterior and anterior clinoid processes, and the ethmoidal sinuses.

    Cranial Base

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient supine and upright, IOML parallel to IR, MSP perpendicular to IR.
    • Demonstrates anatomical features related to the cranial base: foramina ovale and spinosum, optic canals, carotid canals, ethmoid bone, maxillary sinuses, and mastoid processes

    Verticosubmental (VSM) Projection

    • Cranium projection with the patient prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, chin fully extended on the IR.
    • Demonstrates the anterior cranial base, sphenoid sinuses, sellar region and temporal bones
    • Offers reduced magnification and provides better visualization of anatomical structures.

    Lysholm Method (Axiolateral Projection)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient semi-prone, MSP parallel to the IR, IOML parallel to the IR, IPL perpendicular to the IR.
    • Demonstrates the lateral cranial base, dorsum sellae, labyrinth, tympanic cavity, and bony pari (Eustachian) tube

    Valdini Method (PA Axial Projection)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient supine or upright with the upper frontal skull resting on the IR, MSP perpendicular to the IR, IOML 50° to the IR.
    • Demonstrates the labyrinths of the ears, tympanic cavities, bony pari (Eustachian) tube, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid process.

    Lateral Projection

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient semi-prone or upright, MSP parallel to the IR, IOML parallel to the IR, IPL perpendicular to the IR.
    • Demonstrates the sellar region, sphenoid sinus, and dorsum sellae without distortion

    Towne Method (APAxial Projection)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient supine or upright, MSP perpendicular to the IR, IOML parallel to the IR, OML parallel to the IR.
    • Demonstrates the sellar region, petrous pyramids, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid processes.

    PA Axial Projection (Haas Method)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone, MSP perpendicular to the IR, dorsum sellae (DML) parallel to the IR, OML parallel to IR.
    • Demonstrates the dorsum and tuberculum sellae, posterior and anterior clinoid processes, and ethmoidal sinuses.

    Optic Canal & Foramen (Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection Rhese Method)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient semi-prone, MSP 53° to the IR, AML parallel to IR.
    • Demonstrates the affected optic canal and foramen, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.

    PAZAM

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone, affected orbit parallel to the IR, zygoma and AML parallel to the IR, MSP 53° to the IR.
    • Demonstrates the affected orbit and optic canal and foramina

    ORBITO-PARIETAL Oblique Projection (Rhese Method)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient supine, MSP 53° to the IR, AML parallel to IR,
    • Demonstrates the inferior and lateral quadrant of the uppermost orbit, optic canal and foramen, and potential foreign bodies.

    Reverse Parieto Orbital Oblique Projection

    • Variation of the parieto orbital oblique projection for patients who can't prone
    • Demonstrates the same structures as the parieto orbital oblique projection, but with an increased dose to the patient.

    Alexander Method (ORBITO- Parietal Oblique Projection)

    • Cranium projection that focuses on the optic canal and foramen. Performed with the affected orbit away from the IR, MSP 40° to the IR, AML parallel to the IR, 15° angulation from the vertical.
    • Demonstrates the optic canal and foramen.

    Modified Lysholm Method (Eccentric Angle Parieto-Orbital Oblique Projection)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone, IOML parallel to the IR, 10ML parallel to the IR, MSP 20° from vertical, 20° caudad angulation for IOML, 30° caudad Angulation for 10ML.
    • Demonstrates the optic canal and foramen, orbit, anterior clinoid process, and superior orbital fissure.

    Sphenoid Strut

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone, IOML parallel to the IR, MSP 20° towards the side of, interest, 7° caudad angulation.
    • Demonstrates the sphenoid strut, an anatomical structure located between the sphenoid sinus and the anterior clinoid processes.

    Superior Orbital Fissures

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone resting forehead and nose on the IR, MSP parallel to IR, OML parallel to IR.
    • Demonstrates the superior orbital fissure and potential foreign bodies.

    Inferior Orbital Fissure (Bretel Method PA axial Projection)

    • Cranium projection performed with the patient prone, 10ML parallel to IR, MSP parallel to IR, 20°-25° cephalad angulation to nasion.
    • Demonstrates the inferior orbital fissure

    EYE/ORBIT (FOREIGN BODIES Localization Method)

    Vogt Bone-Free method

    • Cranium projection performed with the eye looking straight forward, up and down, then left and right.
    • Demonstrates small or low-density foreign particles in the anterior segment of the eyeball or eyelid.

    Sweet method

    • Technique for localizing foreign bodies in the eye, requiring a specific device with 2 marker points to be utilized for measurement.
    • Provides exact location of foreign bodies in relation to anatomical landmarks.

    Pfeiffer-Comberg Method

    • Cranium projection technique used to localize foreign bodies in the eye.
    • Uses a leaded contact lens placed over the cornea to assist in localization.

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    Skull Projection 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various radiographic positioning methods such as the Towne and Rhese methods. This quiz covers essential angulations, anatomical demonstrations, and alignment techniques critical for accurate radiographic imaging. Perfect for students and professionals in radiology!

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