Questions and Answers
Which factor does NOT contribute to x-ray film base-plus fog?
Which of the following is an example of a primary radiation barrier?
What term describes the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter?
Which cell type exhibits the highest radiosensitivity in the body?
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What is a parallel plate ionization chamber primarily classified as?
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Which medical condition necessitates an increase in x-ray photon energy for effective imaging?
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Which of the following does NOT act as a secondary radiation effect?
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Which combination of factors can help extend the life of an X-ray tube?
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Which interaction between X-ray photons and matter involves partial transfer of photon energy to an atom?
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Which of these wall materials would not typically be used as a primary radiation barrier?
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Which cell type is least radiosensitive during fetal life?
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Which factors influence geometric unsharpness?
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To minimize heat generation in X-ray tubes, which technique should be preferred?
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What occurs to the anode surface when large exposures are made to a cold anode?
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Which statement about the relationship between object-image distance (OID) and magnification is accurate?
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What is the expected effect of increasing the focal-object distance (FOID) on magnification?
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Where is focal-spot blur greatest in an x-ray beam?
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What is the primary source of occupational exposure for a radiographer?
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What is the positive electrode in an x-ray tube known as?
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Which material is used for the focal track of the anode in an x-ray tube?
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What causes the focal-spot blur in x-ray imaging?
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As the source-to-image distance (SID) is increased, what happens to focal-spot blur?
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Which component of the x-ray tube directs electrons toward the anode’s focal track?
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What type of x-ray tube contains a positive electrode and a negative electrode?
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What position is used during an IVU to show the right kidney perpendicular to the image receptor?
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Which syndrome is characterized by median nerve impingement that leads to pain in the wrist and hand?
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What type of image is displayed on the computer monitor during an X-ray examination?
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Which process refers to ionizing radiation passing through tissue and depositing energy through ionization?
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Which interaction between X-ray photons and matter is most responsible for patient radiation dose?
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What causes crescent-shaped black marks on a chemically processed X-ray film?
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What is the most superior structure of the scapula?
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What type of radiation interaction is primarily responsible for secondary radiation in medical imaging?
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What is the minimum total amount of aluminum filtration required in equipment operated above 70 kVp?
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Which radiologic examination is likely to result in the greatest entrance skin exposure (ESE)?
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The principle stating that combinations of milliamperage and exposure time yielding the same milliampere-seconds value produce identical receptor exposures is known as what?
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To reduce the object-to-image distance (OID) for a PA projection of the wrist, which action is most effective?
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How often are radiographic equipment collimators required to be evaluated?
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What type of filtration includes the glass envelope and oil coolant in x-ray tubes?
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Which of the following contributes to a higher skin dose when using x-ray equipment?
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What is the function of added aluminum filtration in x-ray equipment?
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Study Notes
Ionization Chamber and AEC
- A parallel plate ionization chamber serves as an Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) device, receiving charge from x-ray photons.
Extending X-ray Tube Life
- X-ray tube life can be prolonged by minimizing heat production using low milliampere-seconds (mAs) with higher kilovoltage (kV).
- Avoid lengthy anode rotations and ensure warm-up of the anode to prevent cracking and enhance longevity.
X-ray Photon Interactions
- Compton scattering involves partial transfer of photon energy to the atom.
- The photoelectric effect is most significant in contributing to patient dose during x-ray procedures.
Geometric Unsharpness
- Influenced by object-to-image distance, source-to-object distance, and source-to-image distance, all contributing to magnification effects.
Filtration Requirements
- A minimum of 2.5 mm aluminum filtration is mandatory for equipment operating above 70 kVp to enhance safety by removing low-energy photons.
ESE Measurement
- The abdomen radiological examination typically delivers the highest Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE).
Reciprocity Law
- States that combinations of milliampere and exposure time maintaining a specific mAs produce equivalent receptor exposures.
OID Reduction Techniques
- Flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints during a PA wrist projection reduces Object-to-Image Distance (OID).
Collimator Evaluation Frequency
- Radiographic equipment collimators should be evaluated semiannually to ensure safety and accuracy.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- This condition is characterized by median nerve impingement, resulting in pain and discomfort in the wrist and hand.
Analog vs. Digital Images
- The x-ray image on a computer monitor is classified as an analog image, which is converted to digital data by the ADC.
Energy Transfer in Ionizing Radiation
- Linear Energy Transfer (LET) describes the energy deposited by ionizing radiation as it interacts with tissues.
Film Processing Issues
- Crescent-shaped black marks on x-ray films often stem from improper handling, such as acute bending.
Scapula Anatomy
- The acromion process is the most superior structure of the scapula when viewed laterally.
Radiation Barrier Examples
- Primary radiation barriers include radiographic room walls and floors, but not lead aprons.
Radiobiology Insights
- Muscle and nerve cells exhibit low radiosensitivity, with lymphocytes being the most radiosensitive.
Factors Affecting X-ray Photon Energy
- Conditions like ascites necessitate increased x-ray energy or penetration due to the higher density of body tissues.
Focal-Spot Blur
- The greatest focal-spot blur occurs at the cathode end of the x-ray beam due to its larger projected focal spot.
Occupational Exposure
- The primary source of occupational exposure for radiographers is Compton scatter resulting from interactions with matter during imaging.
X-ray Tube Anatomy
- The anode serves as the positive electrode in the x-ray tube; it is primarily made of thoriated tungsten for heat management during operation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of radiology, including concepts like the acromion process and factors contributing to x-ray film fog. This quiz covers important topics related to primary radiation barriers and the components of radiographic setups.
