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Questions and Answers
Which factor does NOT contribute to x-ray film base-plus fog?
Which factor does NOT contribute to x-ray film base-plus fog?
- Lead shielding (correct)
- Background radiation
- Base tint
- Chemical fog
Which of the following is an example of a primary radiation barrier?
Which of the following is an example of a primary radiation barrier?
- Radiographic room walls (correct)
- Window glass
- Lead aprons
- Radiographic room floor (correct)
What term describes the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter?
What term describes the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter?
- Scattering
- Attenuation (correct)
- Penetration
- Reflection
Which cell type exhibits the highest radiosensitivity in the body?
Which cell type exhibits the highest radiosensitivity in the body?
What is a parallel plate ionization chamber primarily classified as?
What is a parallel plate ionization chamber primarily classified as?
Which medical condition necessitates an increase in x-ray photon energy for effective imaging?
Which medical condition necessitates an increase in x-ray photon energy for effective imaging?
Which of the following does NOT act as a secondary radiation effect?
Which of the following does NOT act as a secondary radiation effect?
Which combination of factors can help extend the life of an X-ray tube?
Which combination of factors can help extend the life of an X-ray tube?
Which interaction between X-ray photons and matter involves partial transfer of photon energy to an atom?
Which interaction between X-ray photons and matter involves partial transfer of photon energy to an atom?
Which of these wall materials would not typically be used as a primary radiation barrier?
Which of these wall materials would not typically be used as a primary radiation barrier?
Which cell type is least radiosensitive during fetal life?
Which cell type is least radiosensitive during fetal life?
Which factors influence geometric unsharpness?
Which factors influence geometric unsharpness?
To minimize heat generation in X-ray tubes, which technique should be preferred?
To minimize heat generation in X-ray tubes, which technique should be preferred?
What occurs to the anode surface when large exposures are made to a cold anode?
What occurs to the anode surface when large exposures are made to a cold anode?
Which statement about the relationship between object-image distance (OID) and magnification is accurate?
Which statement about the relationship between object-image distance (OID) and magnification is accurate?
What is the expected effect of increasing the focal-object distance (FOID) on magnification?
What is the expected effect of increasing the focal-object distance (FOID) on magnification?
Where is focal-spot blur greatest in an x-ray beam?
Where is focal-spot blur greatest in an x-ray beam?
What is the primary source of occupational exposure for a radiographer?
What is the primary source of occupational exposure for a radiographer?
What is the positive electrode in an x-ray tube known as?
What is the positive electrode in an x-ray tube known as?
Which material is used for the focal track of the anode in an x-ray tube?
Which material is used for the focal track of the anode in an x-ray tube?
What causes the focal-spot blur in x-ray imaging?
What causes the focal-spot blur in x-ray imaging?
As the source-to-image distance (SID) is increased, what happens to focal-spot blur?
As the source-to-image distance (SID) is increased, what happens to focal-spot blur?
Which component of the x-ray tube directs electrons toward the anode’s focal track?
Which component of the x-ray tube directs electrons toward the anode’s focal track?
What type of x-ray tube contains a positive electrode and a negative electrode?
What type of x-ray tube contains a positive electrode and a negative electrode?
What position is used during an IVU to show the right kidney perpendicular to the image receptor?
What position is used during an IVU to show the right kidney perpendicular to the image receptor?
Which syndrome is characterized by median nerve impingement that leads to pain in the wrist and hand?
Which syndrome is characterized by median nerve impingement that leads to pain in the wrist and hand?
What type of image is displayed on the computer monitor during an X-ray examination?
What type of image is displayed on the computer monitor during an X-ray examination?
Which process refers to ionizing radiation passing through tissue and depositing energy through ionization?
Which process refers to ionizing radiation passing through tissue and depositing energy through ionization?
Which interaction between X-ray photons and matter is most responsible for patient radiation dose?
Which interaction between X-ray photons and matter is most responsible for patient radiation dose?
What causes crescent-shaped black marks on a chemically processed X-ray film?
What causes crescent-shaped black marks on a chemically processed X-ray film?
What is the most superior structure of the scapula?
What is the most superior structure of the scapula?
What type of radiation interaction is primarily responsible for secondary radiation in medical imaging?
What type of radiation interaction is primarily responsible for secondary radiation in medical imaging?
What is the minimum total amount of aluminum filtration required in equipment operated above 70 kVp?
What is the minimum total amount of aluminum filtration required in equipment operated above 70 kVp?
Which radiologic examination is likely to result in the greatest entrance skin exposure (ESE)?
Which radiologic examination is likely to result in the greatest entrance skin exposure (ESE)?
The principle stating that combinations of milliamperage and exposure time yielding the same milliampere-seconds value produce identical receptor exposures is known as what?
The principle stating that combinations of milliamperage and exposure time yielding the same milliampere-seconds value produce identical receptor exposures is known as what?
To reduce the object-to-image distance (OID) for a PA projection of the wrist, which action is most effective?
To reduce the object-to-image distance (OID) for a PA projection of the wrist, which action is most effective?
How often are radiographic equipment collimators required to be evaluated?
How often are radiographic equipment collimators required to be evaluated?
What type of filtration includes the glass envelope and oil coolant in x-ray tubes?
What type of filtration includes the glass envelope and oil coolant in x-ray tubes?
Which of the following contributes to a higher skin dose when using x-ray equipment?
Which of the following contributes to a higher skin dose when using x-ray equipment?
What is the function of added aluminum filtration in x-ray equipment?
What is the function of added aluminum filtration in x-ray equipment?
Flashcards
What is an Ionization Chamber?
What is an Ionization Chamber?
A device that measures the amount of x-ray radiation that passes through a patient during an x-ray procedure. It's typically used to control the exposure time in automated x-ray systems.
What is the Compton Scattering interaction?
What is the Compton Scattering interaction?
A process where a high-energy photon strikes an atom, transferring some of its energy and causing an electron to be ejected from the atom.
What is the Photoelectric Effect?
What is the Photoelectric Effect?
A process where a photon interacts with an atom, expending all its energy to eject an electron from the inner shell of the atom.
What is Object-to-Image Distance (OID)?
What is Object-to-Image Distance (OID)?
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What is Focal-Spot Blur?
What is Focal-Spot Blur?
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What is the Minimum Filtration Requirement for X-ray Equipment?
What is the Minimum Filtration Requirement for X-ray Equipment?
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What is Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE)?
What is Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE)?
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What is the Reciprocity Law?
What is the Reciprocity Law?
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What is Linear Energy Transfer (LET)?
What is Linear Energy Transfer (LET)?
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What is a Primary Radiation Barrier?
What is a Primary Radiation Barrier?
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What is the Acromion Process of the Scapula?
What is the Acromion Process of the Scapula?
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Study Notes
Ionization Chamber and AEC
- A parallel plate ionization chamber serves as an Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) device, receiving charge from x-ray photons.
Extending X-ray Tube Life
- X-ray tube life can be prolonged by minimizing heat production using low milliampere-seconds (mAs) with higher kilovoltage (kV).
- Avoid lengthy anode rotations and ensure warm-up of the anode to prevent cracking and enhance longevity.
X-ray Photon Interactions
- Compton scattering involves partial transfer of photon energy to the atom.
- The photoelectric effect is most significant in contributing to patient dose during x-ray procedures.
Geometric Unsharpness
- Influenced by object-to-image distance, source-to-object distance, and source-to-image distance, all contributing to magnification effects.
Filtration Requirements
- A minimum of 2.5 mm aluminum filtration is mandatory for equipment operating above 70 kVp to enhance safety by removing low-energy photons.
ESE Measurement
- The abdomen radiological examination typically delivers the highest Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE).
Reciprocity Law
- States that combinations of milliampere and exposure time maintaining a specific mAs produce equivalent receptor exposures.
OID Reduction Techniques
- Flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints during a PA wrist projection reduces Object-to-Image Distance (OID).
Collimator Evaluation Frequency
- Radiographic equipment collimators should be evaluated semiannually to ensure safety and accuracy.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- This condition is characterized by median nerve impingement, resulting in pain and discomfort in the wrist and hand.
Analog vs. Digital Images
- The x-ray image on a computer monitor is classified as an analog image, which is converted to digital data by the ADC.
Energy Transfer in Ionizing Radiation
- Linear Energy Transfer (LET) describes the energy deposited by ionizing radiation as it interacts with tissues.
Film Processing Issues
- Crescent-shaped black marks on x-ray films often stem from improper handling, such as acute bending.
Scapula Anatomy
- The acromion process is the most superior structure of the scapula when viewed laterally.
Radiation Barrier Examples
- Primary radiation barriers include radiographic room walls and floors, but not lead aprons.
Radiobiology Insights
- Muscle and nerve cells exhibit low radiosensitivity, with lymphocytes being the most radiosensitive.
Factors Affecting X-ray Photon Energy
- Conditions like ascites necessitate increased x-ray energy or penetration due to the higher density of body tissues.
Focal-Spot Blur
- The greatest focal-spot blur occurs at the cathode end of the x-ray beam due to its larger projected focal spot.
Occupational Exposure
- The primary source of occupational exposure for radiographers is Compton scatter resulting from interactions with matter during imaging.
X-ray Tube Anatomy
- The anode serves as the positive electrode in the x-ray tube; it is primarily made of thoriated tungsten for heat management during operation.
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