248 Questions
What is the central ray angle for the AP knee position?
5-7 degrees cephalic
In the mediolateral knee position, the femoral condyles should be:
Superimposed
For a thin pelvis, what type of angle corresponds to the pelvis size?
3-5 degrees caudal
What is the purpose of the Holmblad method?
To view the intercondylar fossa
In the PA knee position, where should the central ray enter?
1 inch distal to apex of patella
What should be done to achieve a mediolateral knee position?
Roll the patient toward the affected side
What should be parallel to the image receptor in the AP knee position?
Femoral condyles
How should the patient be positioned for an AP tibia/fibula X-ray?
Leg straight forward with femoral condyles perpendicular to Image receptor
What is the recommended Source to Image Distance (SID) for tib/fib and patella views?
40 inches
What does an AP tibia/fibula X-ray show if properly taken?
Overlapping proximal and distal tibia/fibula articulations
If the image receptor is too small for an AP tib/fib X-ray, what action should be taken?
Clip the knee if necessary
What anatomical structures are moderately overlapped in an AP tibia/fibula X-ray?
Proximal and distal tibia/fibula articulations
Which positioning technique is used for a mediolateral tibia/fibula X-ray?
Patient rolled towards the unaffected side
In the PA Axial Projection Holmblad Method 3, how should the patient be positioned?
Kneeling on the table with the knee over the image receptor
What structures are visualized in the axial sunrise patella position using the Settegast Method?
Patella in profile, open patellofemoral joint space, surfaces of femoral condyles
Which view provides good visualization of a vertical patellar fracture?
Axial Sunrise Patella Position
How should the patient be positioned for the axial patella-merchant method?
Both knees at the edge of the table and bent with a 40-degree angle
What does the mediolateral patella position visualize?
Lateral projection of patella, open patellofemoral joint space
What is the central ray angle for the axial patella Hughston method?
+45-degree cephalic angle entering through the patellofemoral joint space
What abnormality does the axial patella Hughston method show?
Subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures
What is significant about PA Patella Structures when compared to AP Patella Structures?
Provides sharper detail due to decreased Object to image distance
What is another name for mediolateral Patella position?
Bilateral Tangential Patellae View
Which part of the foot is responsible for shock absorption and weight-bearing?
Midfoot
What is the main function of the longitudinal arch of the foot?
Acting as a shock absorber
Which movement involves flexing the ankle joint to point the foot upward?
Dorsiflexion
Which bones are included in the hindfoot?
Talus and calcaneus
What type of arch supports the longitudinal arch of the foot?
Transverse arch
Which movement involves extending the ankle joint to point the foot downward?
Plantar flexion
How many phalanges are in the great toe?
2
What distinguishes the phalanx base from the phalanx head?
The base is distal, while the head is proximal.
What is the primary difference between the phalanges of the foot and hand?
Foot phalanges have limited movement.
Which part of the foot forms the plantar surface?
Hindfoot
Which metatarsal is described as the shortest and thickest?
1st metatarsal
What type of joint classification do all joints of the foot have?
Synovial joints
Where are the sesamoid bones in the foot usually located?
On the plantar surface of the head of the 1st metatarsal
Which tarsal bone is the largest in the foot?
Calcaneus
What is another name for the talus bone?
Astragalus
Which metatarsal contains a prominent tuberosity prone to fracture?
5th metatarsal
What joint classification does the ankle joint belong to?
Synovial, hinge joint
Which cuneiform in the foot is considered the smallest?
Intermediate cuneiform (2nd)
Where does an avulsion fracture occur within the 5th metatarsal?
At the base or proximal end
What is the primary anatomical location of the lateral malleolus?
Located on fibula on distal, lateral side
Which bone in the lower leg plays a key role in weight-bearing?
Tibia
What distinguishes the distal end of the tibia from the proximal end in terms of size?
The distal end is smaller
Where is the medial malleolus located?
Medial aspect of the ankle
What is the function of the fibular notch on the distal tibia?
Attachment point for muscles
What landmark overlays the fibula on the distal tibia?
Anterior Tubercle
Where are the smooth facets of the tibial plateau located?
Superior surface of the tibia
What structure is situated between the two condyles on the superior aspect of the tibia?
'Mountain-shaped' Protrusion
What is a distinctive feature of the anterior crest of the tibia?
Sharp ridge
Which major joint does the tibial plateau articulate with?
Knee joint
What defines the angle of slope for the tibial plateaus?
10-20 degrees posteriorly
Where is the fibula located in relation to the tibia?
Posteriorly
What is the main reason for angling 5-7 degrees on AP and lateral knee x-rays?
To open the joint space of the knee
Which bone is sometimes referred to as the 'calf bone'?
Fibula
What problem does Osgood-Schlatter's Disease specifically involve?
Separation of the tibial tuberosity from the body of the tibia
Which ligament in the knee restricts anterior and posterior movements?
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
What structure is located between the tibial plateau and femoral condyles and acts as a shock absorber?
Meniscus
Which joint is modified as a hinge joint in the human body?
Femorotibial joint
What anatomical landmark does the lateral malleolus relate to in the ankle?
Medial malleolus
What are the cruciate ligaments attached to within the knee joint?
Intercondylar eminence
What is visualized using an MRI or knee arthrogram to diagnose a specific knee condition?
A torn meniscus
In the axial patella-merchant method, where should the central ray enter?
Midway between both patellae
What is the primary purpose of the PA Axial Projection Holmblad Method 2?
To flex the knee 70 degrees from full extension
What is visualized in the axial patella Hughston method?
Open patellofemoral joint space
What distinguishes the axial patella-merchant view from the axial sunrise patella position?
Structures visualized
In the PA knee position, where should the central ray be located?
At the mid-popliteal area
Which method shows good visualization of a subluxation of the patella and patellar fractures?
Axial patella Hughston method
What is the alternative name for the axial patella Hughston method?
'Prone flexion tangential' view
What is distinctive about the PA Patella Structures compared to mediolateral Patella Structures?
Superimposition by femur in PA view
'Bilateral tangential view' refers to which method?
'PA Axial Projection Holmblad Method 3'
Which knee position requires the patient to be supine and rotate the entire leg medially 45 degrees?
Medial oblique knee position
What is the central ray angle for the lateral oblique knee position?
5-7-degree cephalic
What is the main difference between the PA knee position and the AP knee position?
Central ray entry point
Which technique requires the patient to be prone with toes resting on the table to dorsiflex the foot?
AP knee position
What is visualized in the mediolateral knee position?
Superimposed femoral condyles
Which tube angle is used for the medial oblique knee Central ray?
Cephalic 5-7-degree
What is the cephalic tube angle for the PA knee Central ray?
5-7-degree
Which structure is centered in a mediolateral knee X-ray?
Tibial intercondylar eminence
What is the primary purpose of using a 3-5 caudal angle or a 3-5 cephalic angle for an AP knee radiography based on pelvis measurements?
To eliminate any overlap of femur and tibia.
What is the recommended source to image distance (SID) for tibia/fibula and patella views?
48 inches
In the AP tibia/fibula positioning, what should be parallel to the image receptor?
Femoral condyles
What should be done if the image receptor is too small for an AP tib/fib view?
Increase the Source to Image Distance
What is the central ray direction for the mediolateral tibia/fibula positioning?
Distal to proximal
Which structure should be moderately overlapped in an AP tibia/fibula X-ray?
Interosseous space
What is the recommended collimation for an AP tibia/fibula X-ray?
1-inch sides and 1 and 1/2 inches beyond joints
What is the correct breathing instruction for pelvis, hip, and femur X-rays?
Suspended respiration
In the AP pelvis view, how should the feet be positioned?
8-10 inches apart and internally rotated
What hip structure is visible in profile in an AP pelvis view?
Greater trochanter
What is another name for the AP oblique pelvis position?
Frog-leg position
Where should the central ray be directed for an AP oblique pelvis X-ray?
1-inch superior to pubic symphysis
What structures are visualized in an AP oblique pelvis X-ray?
Femoral neck without superimposition by greater trochanter
What is the alternative name for the AP axial outlet projection pelvis?
'Taylor' method
What angle should be used for the cephalic angle in an AP axial outlet projection pelvis for women?
-30 to -45 degrees
What structure is visualized in profile in an AP axial outlet projection pelvis?
Acetabulum only
Where should the central ray be directed in an AP axial outlet projection pelvis?
30-45 degrees cephalad from horizontal plane (for women)
In an AP axial inlet projection pelvis, what is the central ray angled with respect to the midsagittal plane?
40-degree caudal
What is the alias for the AP external oblique pelvis projection?
Judet method
Which structure is evaluated for fractures in the AP internal oblique pelvis projection?
Posterior rim of acetabulum
What is visualized in the trauma hip modified axiolateral projection?
Ischial tuberosity
Which structure is located at the short segment from the anterior spine of ilium to symphysis and obturator foramen?
Iliopubic column
In the lateral hip position, how much should the thigh be abducted laterally?
45 degrees
What is evaluated for fractures in the AP external oblique pelvis projection?
Anterior pubic rim of acetabulum
Which bone structures are magnified in an AP axial outlet projection pelvis?
Pubic and ischial bones
In the AP proximal femur position, how should the inner leg, hip, and knee be rotated?
15 degrees internally
Where should the top of the Image receptor be placed in the AP femur position?
At the ASIS
What structures should be visible in the mediolateral femur distal view?
Patella in profile
For the AP femur collimation, how should it be adjusted?
Collimate side to side only
What is the correct positioning for a mediolateral femur X-ray?
Rolling the patient towards the affected side and flexing the knee 45 degrees
Where should the central ray be positioned in a mediolateral femur X-ray?
Midfemur
What makes the greater trochanter more visible than the lesser trochanter in an AP femur X-ray?
Position of the patient's leg
What does an AP distal femur X-ray aim to show?
Femoral epicondyles parallel to the Image receptor
What is a notable difference between mediolateral and AP femur X-rays?
Collimation requirements
What is the primary difference between the ASIS and AIIS anatomical landmarks?
ASIS is anterior and AIIS is posterior
The pelvis serves as the base of the trunk and forms the connection between which two parts of the body?
Vertebral column and lower limbs
Which structure forms the most inferior aspect of the pelvis?
Ischial tuberosity
Which part of the pelvis is considered the false pelvis?
Superior aperture
Where is the obturator foramen located in relation to the iliac crest?
Below
What are the female-specific features of the pelvis compared to males?
Light body structure, oval inlet
Which of the following joints is classified as a cartilaginous symphysis joint?
Pubic symphysis
Which bones are considered part of the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones
Where does the femoral head articulate in the pelvis?
Acetabulum
What structures form the superior aperture of the true or lesser pelvis?
Inlet, pelvic cavity
What structure forms a part of both the ilium and pubis?
Obturator foramen
Which part of the ilium forms a prominent part of the hip known as the prominence?
Ala
Which anatomical structure forms two-fifths of the acetabulum?
Ischium
What is the primary function of the acetabulum in relation to the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
Weight-bearing support
What is the function of the fovea capitis on the femoral head?
Muscle attachment
What bone feature connects the superior and inferior rami of the pubis?
Pubic symphysis
What is the primary function of the iliac crest in the pelvis?
Muscle attachment site
What is the alternative name for the body of the sternum?
Gladiolus
What is another term used to describe the xiphoid process?
Enciform Process
Which thoracic vertebrae does the jugular notch lie between?
T2 and T3
Which joint type in the bony thorax is classified as immovable?
Sterno-Osseous joints
Where does the costochondral joint articulate?
Between ribs #1-#10
What is the primary classification of the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial, gliding joint; freely movable
Where are the false ribs located in the rib numbering system?
#8-#12
'Floating Ribs' refer to ribs that have no attachment to which structure?
'True Ribs'
'True Ribs' attach directly to which bone structure?
'Sternum'
What is the longest portion of the sternum called?
Body of the sternum
What part of the sternum articulates with the Manubrium?
Sternal extremity of the clavicle
Which notch is also known as the suprasternal notch?
Jugular notch
Which aspect of the sternum is most inferior?
Xiphoid process
What is the distinctive shape of the manubrium?
Roughly quadrilateral
Which part of the bony thorax is not included in its composition?
Scapulae
What is the length of the sternum approximately?
~6 inches
What part of the bony thorax has a palpable landmark feature?
Manubrium
What part of the sternum provides attachment to rib cartilages?
Manubrium
What serves to protect both the heart and lungs in the human body?
Bony thorax
Which part of the bony thorax is directed anteriorly and inferiorly?
Manubrium
What is the most posterior extension of the vertebrae?
Spinous process
Which joint type is the zygapophyseal joint?
Gliding joint
What distinguishes the cervical vertebrae from other types?
Transverse foramina
What is the central mass of soft, pulp material in an intervertebral disk called?
Nucleus pulposus
Which Cervical vertebra lacks a vertebral body?
C1 (Atlas)
What structure allows rotation of the head side to side by acting as a pivot?
Odontoid process (Dens)
Which cervical vertebra has bifid spinous process tips?
C2
What connects both the superior and inferior articular processes in cervical vertebrae?
Articular pillars
What separates the vertebral bodies in the spine?
Intervertebral disks
Which part of a typical vertebra extends laterally from the junction of the pedicle and lamina?
Transverse process
What is the shape of the lordotic curves?
Convex anteriorly
Which region of the spine exhibits primary curves?
Thoracic
What is the typical composition of a vertebral arch?
Ring or arch extending posteriorly
What is the main function of the vertebral body?
Weight-bearing anterior part
Which curve is associated with an abnormal increase in the anterior concavity?
Kyphosis
How many lumbar vertebrae are typically found in the adult vertebral column?
5
What pathology is associated with an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine?
Scoliosis
Where should the marker be placed in an AP soft tissue neck image?
In the light field above the shoulders
In the Fuch's method for left lateral C-spine hyperflexion, what is the purpose of suspending breathing?
To reduce motion artifact of the cervical vertebrae
What is the recommended Source to Image Distance (SID) for a swimmer's view X-ray?
40 inches
Which structure should be minimally superimposed in a swimmer's view X-ray?
Shoulder blades
What is the proper position for a left lateral T-spine X-ray?
Supine
In a left lateral T-spine X-ray, where should the marker be placed?
On the anatomy seen in the image
What is crucial for proper visualization in a left lateral T-spine X-ray?
Vertebrae through lungs
What is a key difference between an AP T-spine and a swimmer's view?
'Swimmer's view focuses on thoracic vertebrae, while AP T-spine shows cervical vertebrae.'
In an AP T-spine X-ray, what should be visible in the midline of the image?
Spinous processes of the vertebrae
What is the significance of the central ray position in a left lateral C-spine hyperextension X-ray?
To rule out whiplash injury
In a trauma C-spine X-table lateral, what is the reason for using 40 or 62 inches as the source to image distance?
To reduce radiation exposure to the patient
What is the purpose of the cervical collar in all cervical trauma views?
To immobilize the patient and prevent further injury
Why is the left lateral soft tissue neck X-ray often performed with the patient doing valsava maneuver?
To distend the subglottic larynx and trachea
In an AP soft tissue neck X-ray, why is it necessary to slightly lift the neck during positioning?
To reduce artifact caused by mandibular shadow
What is the central ray location for visualizing larynx, laryngeal pharynx, and upper esophagus in a left lateral soft tissue neck X-ray?
@ C4
What structures are closely superimposed in a left lateral soft tissue neck X-ray?
Mandibular shadows and throat air
Which breathing instruction is NOT recommended during a left lateral soft tissue neck X-ray?
Exhaling completely
When imaging the intervertebral foramina of the C-spine, what positioning would you use?
45-degree oblique AP with the upside furthest from the image receptor
What is the recommended source to image distance for a Left Lateral C-spine view?
72-inch
In a Left Lateral C-spine position, where should the central ray be placed?
@ C4
What is the correct breathing instruction for a Left Lateral C-spine view?
Suspended expiration to depress the shoulders and prevent neck movement
When imaging the zygapophyseal joints of the T-spine, what positioning are you using?
Lateral
What is the recommended collimation/light field for a Left Lateral C-spine view?
@ top of Image receptor 1-inch above External acoustic meatus
Where should the Left Lateral C-spine marker be placed?
On wall bucky just below the chin level in light field
What is the recommended central ray position for an AP axial C-spine X-ray?
Level of C4 in the Midsagittal plane
Which structure is visualized in a 45-degree axial oblique C-spine RPO/LPO X-ray?
Intervertebral foramina of the side closest to the image receptor
What is the breathing instruction for an AP axial dens projection X-ray?
Suspended breathing with no swallowing
In an AP axial C-spine X-ray, how should the occlusal plane and mastoid tips be positioned?
Perpendicular to each other
What does a 45-degree axial oblique C-spine LPO/RPO X-ray visualize?
Intervertebral foramina of the upside furthest from image receptor
What is different about the Source to Image Distance for an AP open mouth C-spine compared to an AP axial C-spine?
It is shorter in AP open mouth C-spine
'Fuch's method' positions are used primarily for imaging which area of the body?
Pelvis
In an AP open mouth C-spine X-ray, what should be aligned with the base of the skull/ mastoid tip?
Top teeth
What is a key characteristic of the lumbar vertebrae with regards to the transverse processes?
Directed medially in L1-L3
In what direction are the Laminae of the Lumbar Vertebrae thicker compared to cervical and thoracic vertebrae?
Posteriorly
What feature distinguishes the Lumbar Vertebra Spinous Process from those of other vertebrae?
Project posteriorly and horizontally
Where are the Mamillary Processes located on the Lumbar Vertebrae?
On the back of each superior articular process
Which lumbar vertebrae are specifically mentioned to have a wedge-shaped body for articulation with the sacrum?
L5
What is a notable feature of the Lumbar Vertebra L5 Intervertebral disc?
Wedge-shaped
How are the Lumbar Vertebra L5 spinous processes compared to other lumbar vertebrae?
Shorter and smaller
Where are the Accessory Processes located on the Lumbar Vertebrae?
At the back of the root of the transverse process
Which feature of the Lumbar Vertebra contributes to its stability and support for heavy loads?
Stronger transverse processes
In what plane do the Lumbar Spinous Processes project?
Sagittal plane
In the Lumbar Vertebrae, what distinguishes the Intervertebral Foramina of L5 from the others?
Turned slightly anteriorly
What does the Female sacrum have in terms of curvature compared to the male sacrum?
It is more acutely curved
Where are the Sacral Alae positioned in relation to the sacral base?
At the lateral sides of the base
What is the primary purpose of the Sacral Canal?
Transmitting sacral nerves
What is the significance of the Sacral Promontory in sacral anatomy?
It is a point of attachment for ligaments
Which structure is visible in an AP axial outlet projection pelvis?
Sacral Cornua
What is the correct anatomical term for the coccygeal cornua in relation to the sacrum?
'Processes projecting'
What is the recommended Image receptor size for x-rays of Sacrum, Coccyx, and Sacroiliac joints?
10" by 12"
What is the purpose of using lead shields on the patient's breast and thyroid area for x-rays of Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx, or Sacroiliac joints?
To reduce scatter radiation exposure to the breast and thyroid
What is the position of the patient for creating 'AP L-Spine' radiographs?
Lying supine on the x-ray table
Where should the central ray target for 'AP L-Spine' radiographs?
L4 at level of the iliac crest
What should be done to take radiograph on expiration for 'AP L-Spine'?
Ask patient to exhale and hold breath
What structures are demonstrated in an 'AP L-Spine' radiograph?
T11 to distal sacrum, intervertebral disks, and sacroiliac joints
For 'AP L-Spine', what is a requirement of some protocols regarding collimation?
Collimate beam to skin surface only
'AP L-Spine' radiographs target which specific vertebrae?
'T12 at level of iliac crest'
'AP L-Spine' radiographs should include open intervertebral joints and which other structure?
'Sacroiliac joints equidistant from spine'
'AP L-Spine' radiographs are made by having the patient perform which action to bring their spine closer to the table?
'Bend their knees'
In a left lateral L-spine X-ray, where should the Central ray be aimed?
L5-S1 junction
What is the recommended Image Receptor size for the AP Axial L5-S1 view?
10" x 12"
In an AP axial sacrum X-ray, where should the Central ray be directed?
Midway between ASIS and symphysis
What is the breathing instruction for an AP/PA L-spine weight-bearing X-ray?
Suspend
Which structure is visible in lateral hyperflexion/hyperextension L-spine X-rays to determine motion at a spinal fusion site?
Zygapophyseal joints
What is the position of the patient during an AP/PA L-spine weight-bearing X-ray?
Upright
Where should the Image Receptor be placed for a lateral hyperflexion/hyperextension L-spine X-ray?
'Skin margin'
In an AP axial sacrum X-ray, what anatomical landmarks should be used to align the Central ray?
ASIS and PSIS
What is the correct central ray angle in an AP coccyx view?
10 degrees caudal
In an AP coccyx view, where is the central ray directed?
Midway between ASIS and symphysis
What is a correct instruction for breathing during an AP coccyx X-ray?
Suspend breathing
What is visualized in an AP coccyx view?
Anterior aspect of the coccyx
In a lateral sacrum X-ray, what is used as a landmark for central ray positioning?
ASIS
When performing a lateral sacrum X-ray, how should the sacrum be positioned?
True lateral
What structures are closely superimposed in a lateral sacrum X-ray?
Superior margins of ischia and ilia
Where should the central ray be directed for a 45° RPO L-SPINE radiograph?
Medially to ASIS
What is the distinctive feature seen in a Scottie Dog on a 45° RPO/LPO L-SPINE radiograph?
Transverse Process
How should the patient position their knees for a Left Lateral L-Spine radiograph?
Flexed slightly
What is the primary difference in central ray placement between Left Lateral L-Spine and L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
5°-8° caudal to iliac crest
What structures should be included in a Left Lateral L-Spine radiograph?
Intervertebral foramina of L1-L4
What landmark should the central ray be placed midway between for an L5-S1 Spot radiograph?
ASIS and iliac crest
For a Left Lateral L-Spine, what should be superimposed on top of each other?
Hips
Test your knowledge on radiography positioning for tibia/fibula and knee views. Learn about image receptor sizes, source to image distance, and proper positioning for AP tibia/fibula views.
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