Radiation Physics Test 1

Radiation Physics Test 1 Objectives

• Define: Matter, Radiation, Energy, Ionizing radiation, Physics, and Radiation Physics
• Define and distinguish between Kinetic and Potential energy
• Differentiate the different forms of energy (Chemical, Electrical, etc.)
• Describe the structural levels when substances are broken down (Compounds, Element, Molecule, Atom, Nucleus, Nucleons, Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons)
• Discuss the concept of electron shells
• Define: Neutral atom, Ion, Isotope, Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Weight
• Distinguish between ionic and covalent bonding
• State the composition of alpha, beta, and gamma rays
• Define wavelength and frequency
• Designate and define the four units of radiation measurement (Roentgen, Rad, Rem, and Curie)
• State the progression of the atomic structure concept
• Calculate and specify the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each shell (2n²)
• Specify the maximum number of electrons an outer shell can contain
• Define: Radioactive disintegration, Decay, Nuclide, and Half-life
• Classify the types of ionizing radiation (Particulate and Electromagnetic, X-rays, Electron cloud, Gamma, Alpha, and Beta)
• Review in-class notes and worksheets
• Study only what was covered in class and not included here

Additional Concepts

• Matter: Anything with mass and occupies space.
• Radiation: Emission or transfer of energy in the form of waves or particles. It's the transfer of energy.
• Energy: The capacity to do work or cause physical change.
• Ionizing Radiation: Radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. Removing an electron from an atom.
• Physics: The natural science that studies matter, its motion, and behavior through space and time.
• Radiation Physics: The study of the properties and effects of radiation.
• Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
• Potential Energy: Stored energy based on position or state (has potential to do work)
• Chemical Energy: Stored in chemical bonds (ex: batteries, dynamite). Released by a chemical reaction.
• Electrical Energy: Associated with movement of charges (ex: electricity). Work can be done when an electron moves through electric potential difference (voltage)
• Compound: A substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
• Element: A pure substance consisting of one type of atom.
• Atom: The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
• Nucleus: The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons
• Nucleons: Protons and neutrons
• Electrons: Negatively charged subatomic particles.
• Protons: Positively charged subatomic particles
• Neutrons: Subatomic particles with no charge.
• Electron Shells: A concept that describes the distribution of electrons in an atom's energy levels.
• Neutral Atom: An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons.
• Ion: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge.
• Isotope: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
• Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• Mass Number: The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
• Atomic Weight: The average mass of atoms of an element, considering the abundance of isotopes.
• lonic Bonding: Transfer of electrons between atoms, creating charged ions.
• Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms
• Alpha Rays: Helium nuclei (2 protons, 2 neutrons), Particulate radiation
• Beta Rays: High-speed electrons or positrons, Particulate radiation
• Gamma Rays: High-energy electromagnetic radiation.
• Wavelength: The distance between successive peaks of a wave.
• Frequency: The number of waves that pass a point per second.
• Roentgen (C/kg): Unit that measures exposure to radiation
• Rad (Gray): Unit that measures absorbed dose of radiation
• Rem (Sievert): Unit that measures dose equivalent, radiation exposure
• Curie (Bq): Unit that measures radioactivity, how radioactive something is.
• Radioactive Decay: The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy
• Nuclide: A specific isotope of an element.
• Half-life: The time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay.