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Questions and Answers
What is radiation primarily described as?
What is radiation primarily described as?
Which form of radiation is commonly associated with the sun?
Which form of radiation is commonly associated with the sun?
What are the primary particles that make up an atom?
What are the primary particles that make up an atom?
What charge do neutrons carry?
What charge do neutrons carry?
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What is the mass of a proton in kilograms?
What is the mass of a proton in kilograms?
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How does an atom's structure primarily exist?
How does an atom's structure primarily exist?
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What is the charge of electrons in relation to protons?
What is the charge of electrons in relation to protons?
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What is a common analogy used to describe the number of atoms in a teaspoon of water?
What is a common analogy used to describe the number of atoms in a teaspoon of water?
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What is the charge of a neutron?
What is the charge of a neutron?
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Which of the following particles has the largest mass in atomic mass units (amu)?
Which of the following particles has the largest mass in atomic mass units (amu)?
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What happens to binding energy as atomic number increases?
What happens to binding energy as atomic number increases?
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Which type of radiation has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules?
Which type of radiation has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules?
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What form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
What form of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?
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What is the approximate energy equivalent of a proton?
What is the approximate energy equivalent of a proton?
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What is the unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person?
What is the unit used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person?
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Which of the following is considered a type of ionizing radiation?
Which of the following is considered a type of ionizing radiation?
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Which particle has a negative charge?
Which particle has a negative charge?
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What is the purpose of the Inverse Square Law for radiation?
What is the purpose of the Inverse Square Law for radiation?
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What is the mass of an electron in atomic mass units (amu)?
What is the mass of an electron in atomic mass units (amu)?
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What does the unit Roentgen (R) measure?
What does the unit Roentgen (R) measure?
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Which type of electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of 750 THz?
Which type of electromagnetic radiation has a frequency of 750 THz?
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Which radiation type is NOT classified as ionizing radiation?
Which radiation type is NOT classified as ionizing radiation?
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In which unit is the radiation dose expressed that reflects energy absorbed in materials?
In which unit is the radiation dose expressed that reflects energy absorbed in materials?
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What does the term 'rem' refer to in radiation measurement?
What does the term 'rem' refer to in radiation measurement?
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What does the atomic number (Z) represent in an atom?
What does the atomic number (Z) represent in an atom?
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How is mass number (A) calculated?
How is mass number (A) calculated?
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What characterizes isotopes of the same element?
What characterizes isotopes of the same element?
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Which of the following particles has no electrical charge?
Which of the following particles has no electrical charge?
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What does unified atomic mass unit (u) relate to?
What does unified atomic mass unit (u) relate to?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding electrons?
Which of the following statements is true regarding electrons?
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Which of the following correctly describes a nuclide?
Which of the following correctly describes a nuclide?
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How is the mass of a single atom of carbon-12 typically expressed?
How is the mass of a single atom of carbon-12 typically expressed?
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What is the SI unit of absorbed dose?
What is the SI unit of absorbed dose?
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How many ergs are equivalent to 1 rad?
How many ergs are equivalent to 1 rad?
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Which unit is used to express the decay rate of a radioactive material sample?
Which unit is used to express the decay rate of a radioactive material sample?
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What does the term 'equivalent dose' refer to?
What does the term 'equivalent dose' refer to?
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Which unit is used to express a dose equivalent in occupational exposure?
Which unit is used to express a dose equivalent in occupational exposure?
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How many sieverts are equivalent to 1 rem?
How many sieverts are equivalent to 1 rem?
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If an equivalent dose to the lungs is 2 mSv with a weighting factor of 0.12, what is the contribution to the effective dose?
If an equivalent dose to the lungs is 2 mSv with a weighting factor of 0.12, what is the contribution to the effective dose?
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What is the relationship between gray and rad?
What is the relationship between gray and rad?
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Study Notes
Radiation Physics and Instruments (1)
- Course code: RIRP202
- First Semester-2025
- Instructor: Prof. Dr. Yasser Rammah
- Lecture 1: October 1, 2024
- Topic: Radiation and Atom
What is Radiation?
- Radiation is energy traveling through space.
- Sunshine is a common form of radiation.
- Radiation delivers energy, light, heat, and suntans.
- Humans control exposure to radiation, but still receive small doses from space, air, and earth.
- Ionizing radiation can damage matter, especially living tissue, and is dangerous at high levels.
The Atom
- All matter is made up of atoms.
- Atoms are the smallest components of elements and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atoms are mostly empty space.
- Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus.
- The number of electrons equals the number of protons.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus.
- A teaspoon of water contains many more atoms than the Atlantic Ocean's teaspoons of water.
- Particle properties (proton, neutron, electron) include symbol, mass in kg, mass in MeV, and charge.
Standard Nuclear Notation
- Mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (N)
- Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
- Example notations: 12C6, 13C6, 14C6
Let's Practice (Examples of Calculations, using the above concepts)
- How many protons are in 1H? 1
- How many neutrons are in 3Li4? 4
- How many protons are in 8O17? 8
- How many neutrons are in 1H1? 0
The Nucleus
- Nucleons are particles found in the nucleus (protons and neutrons).
- The nucleus contains most of an atom's mass.
- The total number of protons and neutrons is the mass number.
- The number of protons is the atomic number.
- Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
- Nuclides are unique atoms.
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
- Atomic masses can be expressed in grams or amu.
- One mole (6.02 x 10^23 molecules) of a substance has a mass numerically equal to its molecular weight in grams.
- The mass of a single atom can be calculated by dividing the mass of one mole by the Avogadro's number.
Atomic Structure (Diagram referenced)
- The atom contains a nucleus with protons and neutrons.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus within various energy levels (K, L, M.).
Fundamental Particles (Table referenced)
- Properties including symbol, relative charge, mass (amu), and energy equivalent (MeV) for neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, and alpha particles.
Definitions
- Isotopes: Nuclei with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers and therefore different mass numbers.
- Nucleon: A proton or a neutron.
- Nuclide: A specific nucleus with a given number of protons and neutrons.
- Isobars: Nuclei with the same mass number.
- Isotones: Nuclei with the same neutron number.
- Isomers: Nuclei with the same Z and A, but different energy states (remaining in excited states longer than 10-5 seconds).
- Mirror Nuclei: Nuclei with the same mass number, where the number of protons in one is equal to the number of neutrons in the other.
Binding Energy
- Binding energy is the energy required to separate a particle from a system of particles.
- Binding energy depends on the shell and the element, increasing with atomic number.
Electromagnetic Wave Duality
- Equations: E = mc2, E = hf, c = λf, and E = h/λ
- h is Planck's constant
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Classification of electromagnetic waves based on wavelength, frequency, and energy.
- Radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are examples.
Radiation
- The electromagnetic spectrum displays the energy and wavelength ranges from long radio waves to short gamma rays.
- Ionizing vs. Non-ionizing radiation based on energy levels.
Ionizing vs. Non-Ionizing Radiation
- Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules.
- Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to remove electrons.
- Examples of ionizing radiation are alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays, and neutrons.
- Examples of non-ionizing radiation include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet.
Why is it called ionizing?
- Ionizing radiation creates ions (atoms with a charge).
- High-energy radiation removes electrons from atoms.
Penetration Abilities of Radiation
- Different types of radiation have different penetration abilities through materials. (Examples: Alpha is less penetrative than beta, gamma is most penetrative).
Inverse Square Law for Radiation
- Intensity of radiation decreases with the square of the distance from the source.
- Intensity = Power/Area.
Properties Considered When Measuring Ionizing Radiation
- Strength/radioactivity of the radiation source.
- Energy of the radiation.
- Radiation level in the environment.
- Radiation dose/amount.
Units of Radiation
- Roentgen (R): Unit of exposure for electromagnetic radiation.
- Rad: Unit of absorbed dose.
- Rem: Unit of dose equivalent (accounts for different radiation types).
- Curie (Ci): Unit of the decay rate of radioactive materials.
- Electron Volt (eV): Unit of energy.
Practical Units (Absorbed Dose, Equivalent Dose, Effective Dose)
- Absorbed dose: Amount of energy absorbed per unit mass. Measured in Grays (Gy).
- Equivalent Dose: Absorbed dose weighted for the biological effect of different types of radiation. Measured in Sieverts (Sv).
- Effective Dose: Equivalent dose weighted for different organs/tissues sensitivity and response. Measured in Sieverts (Sv).
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts of radiation and atoms as discussed in Lecture 1 of the Radiation Physics and Instruments course. You'll explore the definitions of radiation, its types, and the structure of atoms, including the roles of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Test your understanding of these essential topics in physics.
