Radiation Physics and Instruments: Radiation & Atom
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Questions and Answers

What is the charge of a neutron?

  • +2
  • -1
  • 0 (correct)
  • +1

    • Which of the following particles has the lowest mass in atomic mass units (amu)?

  • Electron (correct)
  • Neutron
  • Alpha particle
  • Proton

    • What is the approximate energy equivalent of a proton in mega-electronvolts (MeV)?

  • 940 MeV
  • 3727 MeV
  • 0.511 MeV
  • 938 MeV (correct)

    • How does binding energy generally change as atomic number increases?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the wavelength range of visible light?

    <p>700-400 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electromagnetic radiation type has the highest frequency?

    <p>X- and gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes binding energy?

    <p>Energy needed to separate particles from a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle among the following carries a positive charge?

    <p>Proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number (A) represent in an atom?

    <p>The sum of the number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number (Z) signify for an element?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about neutrons is correct?

    <p>Neutrons do not affect the atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an isotope?

    <p>Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In unified atomic mass units (u), how is the mass of an atom typically expressed?

    <p>By directly equating grams to the molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of radiation?

    <p>It is energy travelling through space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Avogadro’s number, 6.02×10^23?

    <p>It is the number of atoms in one mole of a substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation can cause damage to living tissue?

    <p>Ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What particles make up an atom?

    <p>Protons, neutrons, and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a nuclide?

    <p>Each unique atom characterized by its number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of electrons within an atom?

    <p>Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative mass of a proton compared to a neutron?

    <p>Proton and neutron have approximately the same mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of electrons in an atom compare to the number of protons?

    <p>The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass of a proton?

    <p>$1.672 imes 10^{-27}$ kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in an atom?

    <p>To contain protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the statement that an atom is mostly empty space?

    <p>There is significant distance between the nucleus and the electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ionizing radiation from non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit is used to measure radiation absorbed dose?

    <p>Rad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'inverse square law' relate to in the context of radiation?

    <p>The distance of radiation from the source affects the intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the strength of ionizing radiation?

    <p>It can be measured in terms of radioactivity of the source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 1 Rad signify in terms of energy absorption?

    <p>1 gram of material absorbed 100 ergs of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Roentgen (R) important in radiation measurement?

    <p>It measures the radiation intensity creating ion pairs in air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT considered when measuring ionizing radiation?

    <p>The color of the radiation source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI unit of absorbed dose?

    <p>Gray (Gy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ergs are equivalent to 1 rad?

    <p>100 ergs/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 1 sievert (Sv) equal in rem?

    <p>100 rem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'efficacy dose' in terms of radiation measurement?

    <p>It represents the average tissue response to radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is equivalent to 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second?

    <p>1 Ci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures absorbed dose?

    <p>Gray (Gy)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is commonly used to express the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers?

    <p>Rem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the equivalent dose calculated?

    <p>By multiplying absorbed doses with the tissue weighting factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course name: Radiation Physics and Instruments (1)
    • Semester: First Semester 2025
    • Course code: RIRP202
    • Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Yasser Rammah
    • Lecture date: 01.10.2024
    • Topic: Radiation and Atom

    What is Radiation?

    • Radiation is energy traveling through space.
    • Sunshine is a common form of radiation.
    • Radiation delivers energy, light, heat, and suntans.
    • Exposure to radiation is controlled.
    • Higher-energy radiation types exist, used in medicine, and encountered in low doses from space, air, and earth.
    • These higher-energy types are collectively known as ionizing radiation.
    • Ionizing radiation can damage matter, especially living tissue, and is dangerous at high levels, requiring controlled exposure.

    The Atom

    • All matter is made up of atoms.
    • Atoms are the smallest components of elements, composed of three particles.
    • Protons
    • Neutrons
    • Electrons
    • Atoms consist mostly of empty space.
    • The atom is neutral.
    • Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus.
    • Number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.
    • Electrons orbit the nucleus.
    • Atoms are extremely small; a teaspoon of water contains more atoms than the teaspoons of water that could fit in the Atlantic Ocean.
    • Particle data for proton, neutron, and electron, are included (mass and energy)

    Standard Nuclear Notation

    • Mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (N)
    • Chemical symbol (X)
    • Atomic number (Z) = number of protons

    Let's Practice (Examples)

    • Number of protons in 1H? 1
    • Number of neutrons in 7Li4 ?4
    • Number of protons in 17O8? 8
    • Number of neutrons in 1H1?0

    The Nucleus

    • Nucleons are particles found in the nucleus.
    • Protons and Neutrons.
    • Atomic Number (Z) = Number of protons.
    • Mass Number (A) = Sum of protons and neutrons.
    • Isotopes are atoms with identical atomic numbers (Z) but different mass numbers (A).
    • A nuclide is a unique atom.

    Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

    • Atomic masses can be expressed in grams or unified atomic mass units (u).
    • 1 mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number of molecules (6.02 × 10^23).
    • The mass in grams of one mole is numerically equal to the molecule's molecular weight.
    • Mass of a single atom can be calculated.
    • 1 mol of 12C is 12g
    • 1 atomic mass unit (amu), also called a dalton, is 1.6605 × 10−24 g.

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum covers a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies.
    • Radio waves, Infrared, visible light, UV, X-rays and gamma rays.
    • Energy and frequency increase as wavelengths get smaller.

    Ionizing vs. Non-Ionizing Radiation

    • Non-ionizing radiation lacks sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules.
    • Ionizing radiation has enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms, resulting in ions.

    Why Ionizing Radiation?

    • Ionizing radiation creates ions (atoms with a charge) by removing electrons.

    Penetration Abilities

    • Different types of ionizing radiation have varying ability to pass through matter.
    • Alpha particles have the least penetration power; Gamma rays & X-rays penetrate most.
    • Neutrins can pass through enormous distances of solid matter.
    • Neutrons can penetrate deeper than alpha, beta, x-ray and gamma.

    Inverse Square Law

    • The intensity of radiation decreases with the square of the distance from the source. (I α 1/r²)

    Properties of Ionizing Radiation

    • Measured in terms of: source strength/radioactivity, energy of radiation, level of radiation in environment, and the radiation dose/amount of radiation energy absorbed by the human body.

    Units of Radiation

    • Roentgen (R): Unit for electromagnetic radiation exposure.
    • Rad: Unit of absorbed dose; 100 ergs/g (10^-2 Gy).
    • Rem: Unit of dose equivalent; traditional unit of dose equivalent or occupational exposure for radiation workers.
    • Curie (Ci):Unit used to express the decay rate of a radioactive material (3.7×10^10 atoms disintegration per second).
    • Electron Volt (eV): Unit of energy from movement of electrons across an electric potential difference (1.602 × 10^-19 J).

    Practical Units

    • Gray (Gy): SI unit of absorbed dose (joule per kilogram).
    • 1 Gy is equivalent to 100 rad.

    Equivalent Dose

    • Sievert (Sv): Unit for measuring equivalent dose, considers the absorbed dose and the type of radiation's effect on tissue.
    • 1 Sievert = 100 rem.
    • Typical units for equivalent dose are millirem or microsievert (10−3 rem or 10−6 Sv).

    Effective Dose

    • Calculates the overall impact of different types of radiation on various tissues.
    • WT: weighting factor used to account for differing tissue damage among different types of radioactive particles.

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    Related Documents

    Radiation Physics And Instruments (1) Lec 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of radiation and atomic structure in this quiz from the Radiation Physics and Instruments course. Delve into the various types of radiation, their effects, and the components of atoms. Perfect for students taking RIRP202 in the first semester of 2025.

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