Race and Ethnicity II

A spectrum representing various sexual orientations beyond just homosexual and heterosexual.

The biological differences defining male and female, including chromosomes, hormones, and sex organs.

Social and cultural characteristics attributed to males and females, shaped by societal expectations.

The idea that there are inherent, fixed differences between men and women, often used to justify gender inequality.

The belief that all people are inherently attracted to only one gender (heterosexual), ignoring other orientations.

The idea that gender roles and differences are socially constructed and vary across cultures and time.

The theory that gender roles and differences are based on evolutionary adaptations and survival advantages.

A critique arguing that essentialist view ignores the variability of gender and sexuality across cultures and over time.

A critique suggesting that essentialism overlooks the declining gender differences and the influence of social factors.

A critique pointing out flaws in the research used by essentialists and their tendency to generalize from averages.

A critique arguing that essentialism ignores the role of power in shaping gender differences.

The unpaid domestic labor performed by individuals after their paid work, often disproportionately affecting women.

The idea that prejudice and discrimination are learned through socialization and cultural norms.

A theory in sociology that suggests that prejudice and discrimination arise from competition for resources, particularly in capitalist societies.

A theory founded by John Porter that emphasizes the hierarchical structure of Canadian society, with established groups at the top and newcomers at the bottom.

The concept that dominant groups perpetuate prejudice and discrimination by blaming minority groups for societal problems, often stemming from economic scarcity or competition.

A functionalist perspective that suggests that prejudice and discrimination function to maintain social order and stability, even if they are unjust and harmful.

According to Edna Bonacich, this theory proposes three social groups: a high-wage labor group, a low-wage labor group, and a middle group that benefits from low wages. This theory suggests that prejudice and discrimination are used to exploit and control labor during periods of economic scarcity.

The idea that some individuals are more likely to engage in prejudicial and discriminatory behavior because of personality traits that favor authoritarianism. These individuals are more likely to conform to social norms and are less likely to question authority, making them susceptible to prejudice.

A situation where people are denied equal opportunities and rights because of their group membership, often due to prejudice and discrimination.

The unequal distribution of men and women across different jobs, or occupations. Males and females are expected to be in certain work sectors based on their sex.

The process by which a society translates a person's biological sex into masculine and feminine attributes.

A metaphor for the invisible barriers that prevent women and minorities from advancing in the workplace.

Employment arrangements that differ from standard employment, such as part-time, temporary, or on-call work.

A system in which men, in general, hold greater power, prestige and wealth than women.

The ability to impose one's will on others.

Social ranking and respect

Economic resource to pay for the necessities in life.

A system of belief and practices that provides meaning and purpose to life, often connecting humans to a supernatural realm.

A set of beliefs that focus on human experience and reason, often rejecting supernatural explanations.

A belief in the existence of a supernatural being or beings, or a spiritual force.

The level of commitment and engagement an individual has with their religion.

A feminist theory that emphasizes the role of capitalism and patriarchy in oppressing women.

A feminist theory that argues that women's oppression is primarily caused by men's inherent desire to dominate.

A theoretical approach that considers how multiple forms of oppression intersect and reinforce each other.

A system of social relationships and power dynamics that favors men and disadvantages women.

Religion helps to maintain an unequal society, with the wealthy benefiting from the poor's obedience through religion.

Religion provides moral guidelines and social cohesion, and helps people cope with existential anxieties and uncertainty.

Religion influences how people behave and creates a work ethic that shaped modern Capitalism.

The level of one's personal belief, practice, experience, and knowledge of a religious tradition.

Collective religiosity refers to how people behave within a religious community, including rituals, institutions, and societal impact.

Assessing religion based on its organizational structures, including churches, denominations, and groups.

People are increasingly turning to individual fragments of traditional religion, rather than complete systems, in their search for meaning and spirituality.

The sources that influence people's religiosity, including family, upbringing, personal experiences, and cultural factors.