Race and Ethnicity II
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of men reportedly engage in premarital sex according to Kinsey's findings?

  • 70%
  • 50%
  • 85% (correct)
  • 30-45%

    • Which concept argues that gender differences are deeply rooted and unchangeable?

  • Economic Inequality
  • Sociobiology
  • Social Constructionism
  • Essentialism (correct)

    • Which study finding indicates the decline of perceived gender differences in abilities?

  • Margaret Mead’s cultural studies
  • 1.4 million participants in verbal studies (correct)
  • A review of 165 spatial ability studies
  • 10% variation in mathematics

    • Freud’s concepts of the Oedipus and Electra complexes are associated with which psychological theory?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'double work day' refer to in the context of economic inequality?

    <p>Performing unpaid domestic labor after paid work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In critiques of essentialism, what is often highlighted about the methodologies used in research?

    <p>They often generalize from averages, ignoring variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is essentialism said to ignore in its explanations of gender differences?

    <p>Cultural contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do more egalitarian societies reportedly impact female-male relationship age gaps?

    <p>They reduce the age gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the sexual continuum in understanding sexual orientation?

    <p>It offers a range of possibilities beyond binary categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines gender?

    <p>The set of social, cultural, and psychological traits linked to males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism is commonly associated with essentialism?

    <p>It overlooks the variability and fluidity in social constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sex inequality manifest itself in society?

    <p>By limiting access to resources based on gender roles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does normative theory suggest regarding prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>They result from group socialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr. Alfred Kinsey contribute to the understanding of sexual orientation?

    <p>He developed a scale that shows a range of sexual orientations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Robert Merton, what precedes the creation of prejudice or stereotypes?

    <p>Economic disparities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Porter mean by the term 'vertical mosaic' in relation to Canadian society?

    <p>A layered class structure with charter groups at the top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explanation do conflict theorists provide for the prevalence of prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>They stem from wealth accumulation struggles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a consequence of the success norms inculcated in individuals, according to Merton?

    <p>Blame directed towards marginalized groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical policies exemplified systemic discrimination against specific immigrant groups?

    <p>Chinese head taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Edna Bonacich's split market theory, how is society divided?

    <p>Into three distinct social groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marc Lepine's blame of women serves as an example of what psychological phenomenon?

    <p>Scapegoating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two sources of women's oppression are identified in socialist feminism?

    <p>Capitalism and patriarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary belief of radical feminists regarding female oppression?

    <p>It exists because women are women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to socialist feminists, what role can the state play in achieving social change?

    <p>The state can serve as an ally for positive change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humanist perspectives differ from religious perspectives regarding the meaning of life?

    <p>Religion states life has inherent meaning, whereas humanists believe it must be created.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist is mentioned regarding the sociological study of religion?

    <p>Max Weber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'operationalize religiosity' imply in the context of this content?

    <p>To make religion measurable and analyzable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated about Alberta's religious affiliation according to Reginald Bibby?

    <p>It has a significant population identifying with no religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do socialist feminists believe about the state's involvement in women's work?

    <p>The state should compensate women for unpaid work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'glass ceiling'?

    <p>Invisible barriers that hinder the advancement of women and minorities in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has contributed significantly to the increased involvement of women in the labor force since 1961?

    <p>An increase in the demand for service sector workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sex segregation in the workplace?

    <p>The distribution of men and women across different jobs based on societal expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons women earn less than men?

    <p>Women are often employed in sex-segregated, non-standard work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gender stratification primarily refer to?

    <p>A system where men generally hold more power, prestige, and wealth than women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles has been held by one female Prime Minister in Canada?

    <p>She temporarily took over from the former male Prime Minister</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary characteristics influencing gender differences in pay rates?

    <p>Education, experience, and seniority levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes nonstandard work?

    <p>It encompasses part-time, temporary, and on-call job arrangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Marx suggest about the nature of religion?

    <p>Religion is a human creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Weber, how does religion influence modern capitalism?

    <p>It is instrumental in shaping modern capitalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the dimensions of personal religiosity that Bibby emphasizes?

    <p>Knowledge of religious texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Durkheim suggest about the collective behavior of people in relation to religion?

    <p>It can be understood through church-sect typology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion does Bibby draw about the fate of religion in Canada?

    <p>Religious groups must adapt to meet the needs of Canadians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a belief about religion according to Marx?

    <p>Religion serves to delay societal progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'organizational approach' proposed by Bibby involve?

    <p>Examining the structure and function of religious organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Marx, Durkheim, and Weber differ in their analysis of religion?

    <p>They have fundamentally different views on religion's role in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Race and Ethnicity II

    • Objectives: Outline primordialism (van den Berghe), frustration-aggression theory, normative approach (Merton's revisions), Vertical Mosaic, and split-labor market theory (Bonacich).
    • Why racial crimes occur?
      • Biological: Ethnic grouping is "natural" or encoded in genes (Van den Berghe). Discrimination, prejudice, and ethnocentrism are natural behaviors.
      • Problems: Intergroup conflict and anti-racist campaigns.
    • Race and Eugenics:
      • 1920s-1930s Canadian doctors concerned about immigrant impact.
      • Sterilization campaigns targeted visible minorities in Alberta and BC.
      • Parental consent provisions were removed in 1937, but fear of genetic defects persisted (though never realized).
    • Race continues: Psychologists Rushton: Three races (Negroids, Caucasoids, Mongoloids), with varying crime rates and intelligence levels, but flawed methodology and questionable motives.

    Racial Crimes II

    • Psychological: Frustration with life leads to aggression (Hitler, Marc Lepine). Authoritarian personalities.
    • Normative Explanation: Prejudice and discrimination are passed down and socialized into children.
    • Normative Theory I: Prejudice as a result of group socialization. Explained by a person's definition of situations and reference group norms.
    • Normative Theory II: (Merton) Discrimination precedes prejudice. People blame others to rationalize their inability to achieve success.

    Racial Crimes III

    • (No new information, builds upon previous section)

    Racial Crimes IV

    • Split Market Theory (Edna Bonacich): Society is divided into business/capitalists, highly-paid (white) labor, and lower-paid (non-white) labor. The business class benefits from intergroup conflict.

    Conclusion

    • Race is a social construct. Racism exists and must be analyzed from various perspectives.

    Sex, Gender, and Stratification

    • Objectives: Define sex and gender, sexual continuum, essentialism (criticisms), sex inequality, "The Body Beautiful".
    • Sex: Biological traits (chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, sex organs).
    • Gender: Social, cultural, and psychological traits.
    • Sexual Continuum: Kinsey scale (rating from 0-6, exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, respectively). Not discrete categories; sexual orientation exists along a continuum.
    • Sexual Behavior: (Men/Women) Premarital sex, extramarital sex, sex with prostitutes.
    • Sex Differences: Essentialism (biological basis) - critique of essentialism.

    Social Images

    • Mathews (2000): Adolescent girls and beauty images; Not passive victims, looking better can mean social group access.

    Conclusion

    • Many sociologists don't agree with essentialist arguments about sex/gender.

    Religion

    • Objectives: Define religion and humanist perspectives; Explain theorists' views of religion (Marx, Durkheim, Weber); Operationalize religiosity; Outline levels of religiosity in Canada; Identify and explain the sources of religion.
    • What is religion? A unified system of beliefs with a supernatural referent.
    • Human Perspectives: Contrast with humanistic and scientific perspectives.
    • Whither Religion?: Canadians are not rejecting religion but are less focused on traditional organizations.

    Conclusion

    • Religion is socially constructed.
    • The future of religion is unclear.

    Diversion and Crime

    • Objectives: Explain crime versus deviance; Crime funnel; Moral panics.
    • Norms: Expectations of behavior.
    • Deviance: Non-normative behavior.
    • Crime: Behavior violating the law.
    • Moral Panics: Fear and hostility towards a group.

    Crime Rates & Sources of Religiosity

    • Crime Rates: Crime reported to police (property, violent, other).
    • Sources of Religiosity: Reflection, socialization, deprivation.

    Conclusions II

    • Correlates of crime: Age, sex, social class, visible minority status.

    Merton's Typology

    • Conformity: accepting cultural goals and means.
    • Innovation: accepting cultural goals, but using illegitimate means.

    Learning Theory

    • Learning crime like other behaviors (through interaction, differential association, and learning techniques of neutralization).

    Control Theory

    • People conform due to internalized controls learned from families and others.

    Labeling Theory

    • People behave deviantly based on societal labels.

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    Race and Ethnicity II (PDF)

    Description

    Explore the complex theories of race and ethnicity, including primordialism, frustration-aggression, and the vertical mosaic. Examine historical perspectives on racial crimes, eugenics, and the societal implications of these concepts. Understand the psychological aspects and ongoing debates around race and crime.

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