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Questions and Answers
What percentage of men reportedly engage in premarital sex according to Kinsey's findings?
What percentage of men reportedly engage in premarital sex according to Kinsey's findings?
Which concept argues that gender differences are deeply rooted and unchangeable?
Which concept argues that gender differences are deeply rooted and unchangeable?
Which study finding indicates the decline of perceived gender differences in abilities?
Which study finding indicates the decline of perceived gender differences in abilities?
Freud’s concepts of the Oedipus and Electra complexes are associated with which psychological theory?
Freud’s concepts of the Oedipus and Electra complexes are associated with which psychological theory?
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What does the term 'double work day' refer to in the context of economic inequality?
What does the term 'double work day' refer to in the context of economic inequality?
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In critiques of essentialism, what is often highlighted about the methodologies used in research?
In critiques of essentialism, what is often highlighted about the methodologies used in research?
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Which of these factors is essentialism said to ignore in its explanations of gender differences?
Which of these factors is essentialism said to ignore in its explanations of gender differences?
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How do more egalitarian societies reportedly impact female-male relationship age gaps?
How do more egalitarian societies reportedly impact female-male relationship age gaps?
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What is the significance of the sexual continuum in understanding sexual orientation?
What is the significance of the sexual continuum in understanding sexual orientation?
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Which of the following defines gender?
Which of the following defines gender?
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What criticism is commonly associated with essentialism?
What criticism is commonly associated with essentialism?
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How does sex inequality manifest itself in society?
How does sex inequality manifest itself in society?
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What does normative theory suggest regarding prejudice and discrimination?
What does normative theory suggest regarding prejudice and discrimination?
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What did Dr. Alfred Kinsey contribute to the understanding of sexual orientation?
What did Dr. Alfred Kinsey contribute to the understanding of sexual orientation?
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According to Robert Merton, what precedes the creation of prejudice or stereotypes?
According to Robert Merton, what precedes the creation of prejudice or stereotypes?
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What did John Porter mean by the term 'vertical mosaic' in relation to Canadian society?
What did John Porter mean by the term 'vertical mosaic' in relation to Canadian society?
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What explanation do conflict theorists provide for the prevalence of prejudice and discrimination?
What explanation do conflict theorists provide for the prevalence of prejudice and discrimination?
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What is suggested as a consequence of the success norms inculcated in individuals, according to Merton?
What is suggested as a consequence of the success norms inculcated in individuals, according to Merton?
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What historical policies exemplified systemic discrimination against specific immigrant groups?
What historical policies exemplified systemic discrimination against specific immigrant groups?
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According to Edna Bonacich's split market theory, how is society divided?
According to Edna Bonacich's split market theory, how is society divided?
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Marc Lepine's blame of women serves as an example of what psychological phenomenon?
Marc Lepine's blame of women serves as an example of what psychological phenomenon?
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What two sources of women's oppression are identified in socialist feminism?
What two sources of women's oppression are identified in socialist feminism?
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What is the primary belief of radical feminists regarding female oppression?
What is the primary belief of radical feminists regarding female oppression?
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According to socialist feminists, what role can the state play in achieving social change?
According to socialist feminists, what role can the state play in achieving social change?
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How do humanist perspectives differ from religious perspectives regarding the meaning of life?
How do humanist perspectives differ from religious perspectives regarding the meaning of life?
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Which theorist is mentioned regarding the sociological study of religion?
Which theorist is mentioned regarding the sociological study of religion?
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What does the term 'operationalize religiosity' imply in the context of this content?
What does the term 'operationalize religiosity' imply in the context of this content?
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What is indicated about Alberta's religious affiliation according to Reginald Bibby?
What is indicated about Alberta's religious affiliation according to Reginald Bibby?
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What do socialist feminists believe about the state's involvement in women's work?
What do socialist feminists believe about the state's involvement in women's work?
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What is meant by the term 'glass ceiling'?
What is meant by the term 'glass ceiling'?
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Which factor has contributed significantly to the increased involvement of women in the labor force since 1961?
Which factor has contributed significantly to the increased involvement of women in the labor force since 1961?
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What is sex segregation in the workplace?
What is sex segregation in the workplace?
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What is one of the reasons women earn less than men?
What is one of the reasons women earn less than men?
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What does gender stratification primarily refer to?
What does gender stratification primarily refer to?
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Which of the following roles has been held by one female Prime Minister in Canada?
Which of the following roles has been held by one female Prime Minister in Canada?
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What is one of the primary characteristics influencing gender differences in pay rates?
What is one of the primary characteristics influencing gender differences in pay rates?
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Which statement best describes nonstandard work?
Which statement best describes nonstandard work?
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What does Marx suggest about the nature of religion?
What does Marx suggest about the nature of religion?
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According to Weber, how does religion influence modern capitalism?
According to Weber, how does religion influence modern capitalism?
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What is one of the dimensions of personal religiosity that Bibby emphasizes?
What is one of the dimensions of personal religiosity that Bibby emphasizes?
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What did Durkheim suggest about the collective behavior of people in relation to religion?
What did Durkheim suggest about the collective behavior of people in relation to religion?
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What conclusion does Bibby draw about the fate of religion in Canada?
What conclusion does Bibby draw about the fate of religion in Canada?
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Which of the following statements reflects a belief about religion according to Marx?
Which of the following statements reflects a belief about religion according to Marx?
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What does the 'organizational approach' proposed by Bibby involve?
What does the 'organizational approach' proposed by Bibby involve?
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How do Marx, Durkheim, and Weber differ in their analysis of religion?
How do Marx, Durkheim, and Weber differ in their analysis of religion?
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Study Notes
Race and Ethnicity II
- Objectives: Outline primordialism (van den Berghe), frustration-aggression theory, normative approach (Merton's revisions), Vertical Mosaic, and split-labor market theory (Bonacich).
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Why racial crimes occur?
- Biological: Ethnic grouping is "natural" or encoded in genes (Van den Berghe). Discrimination, prejudice, and ethnocentrism are natural behaviors.
- Problems: Intergroup conflict and anti-racist campaigns.
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Race and Eugenics:
- 1920s-1930s Canadian doctors concerned about immigrant impact.
- Sterilization campaigns targeted visible minorities in Alberta and BC.
- Parental consent provisions were removed in 1937, but fear of genetic defects persisted (though never realized).
- Race continues: Psychologists Rushton: Three races (Negroids, Caucasoids, Mongoloids), with varying crime rates and intelligence levels, but flawed methodology and questionable motives.
Racial Crimes II
- Psychological: Frustration with life leads to aggression (Hitler, Marc Lepine). Authoritarian personalities.
- Normative Explanation: Prejudice and discrimination are passed down and socialized into children.
- Normative Theory I: Prejudice as a result of group socialization. Explained by a person's definition of situations and reference group norms.
- Normative Theory II: (Merton) Discrimination precedes prejudice. People blame others to rationalize their inability to achieve success.
Racial Crimes III
- (No new information, builds upon previous section)
Racial Crimes IV
- Split Market Theory (Edna Bonacich): Society is divided into business/capitalists, highly-paid (white) labor, and lower-paid (non-white) labor. The business class benefits from intergroup conflict.
Conclusion
- Race is a social construct. Racism exists and must be analyzed from various perspectives.
Sex, Gender, and Stratification
- Objectives: Define sex and gender, sexual continuum, essentialism (criticisms), sex inequality, "The Body Beautiful".
- Sex: Biological traits (chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, sex organs).
- Gender: Social, cultural, and psychological traits.
- Sexual Continuum: Kinsey scale (rating from 0-6, exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, respectively). Not discrete categories; sexual orientation exists along a continuum.
- Sexual Behavior: (Men/Women) Premarital sex, extramarital sex, sex with prostitutes.
- Sex Differences: Essentialism (biological basis) - critique of essentialism.
Social Images
- Mathews (2000): Adolescent girls and beauty images; Not passive victims, looking better can mean social group access.
Conclusion
- Many sociologists don't agree with essentialist arguments about sex/gender.
Religion
- Objectives: Define religion and humanist perspectives; Explain theorists' views of religion (Marx, Durkheim, Weber); Operationalize religiosity; Outline levels of religiosity in Canada; Identify and explain the sources of religion.
- What is religion? A unified system of beliefs with a supernatural referent.
- Human Perspectives: Contrast with humanistic and scientific perspectives.
- Whither Religion?: Canadians are not rejecting religion but are less focused on traditional organizations.
Conclusion
- Religion is socially constructed.
- The future of religion is unclear.
Diversion and Crime
- Objectives: Explain crime versus deviance; Crime funnel; Moral panics.
- Norms: Expectations of behavior.
- Deviance: Non-normative behavior.
- Crime: Behavior violating the law.
- Moral Panics: Fear and hostility towards a group.
Crime Rates & Sources of Religiosity
- Crime Rates: Crime reported to police (property, violent, other).
- Sources of Religiosity: Reflection, socialization, deprivation.
Conclusions II
- Correlates of crime: Age, sex, social class, visible minority status.
Merton's Typology
- Conformity: accepting cultural goals and means.
- Innovation: accepting cultural goals, but using illegitimate means.
Learning Theory
- Learning crime like other behaviors (through interaction, differential association, and learning techniques of neutralization).
Control Theory
- People conform due to internalized controls learned from families and others.
Labeling Theory
- People behave deviantly based on societal labels.
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Description
Explore the complex theories of race and ethnicity, including primordialism, frustration-aggression, and the vertical mosaic. Examine historical perspectives on racial crimes, eugenics, and the societal implications of these concepts. Understand the psychological aspects and ongoing debates around race and crime.
