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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mode of transmission of rabies to humans?
What is the primary mode of transmission of rabies to humans?
Which of the following forms of rabies is characterized by hyperactivity and hallucinations?
Which of the following forms of rabies is characterized by hyperactivity and hallucinations?
What percentage of rabies cases reported annually is estimated to occur from dog bites?
What percentage of rabies cases reported annually is estimated to occur from dog bites?
Which of the following regions accounts for the majority of rabies cases globally?
Which of the following regions accounts for the majority of rabies cases globally?
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What is the infectious agent responsible for rabies?
What is the infectious agent responsible for rabies?
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What is a rabies-free area defined as?
What is a rabies-free area defined as?
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What demographic is especially affected by rabies worldwide?
What demographic is especially affected by rabies worldwide?
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Which strategies are most effective in controlling rabies transmission?
Which strategies are most effective in controlling rabies transmission?
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What is the primary source of rabies infection to humans?
What is the primary source of rabies infection to humans?
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Which of the following factors does not impact the incubation period of rabies in humans?
Which of the following factors does not impact the incubation period of rabies in humans?
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How long can the rabies virus be present in the saliva of dogs and cats before the onset of the disease?
How long can the rabies virus be present in the saliva of dogs and cats before the onset of the disease?
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What clinical symptom is considered pathognomonic of rabies?
What clinical symptom is considered pathognomonic of rabies?
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Which mode of transmission for rabies is considered rare but possible?
Which mode of transmission for rabies is considered rare but possible?
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What preventive measure is recommended for controlling rabies in enzootic countries?
What preventive measure is recommended for controlling rabies in enzootic countries?
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What is the typical duration of rabies disease once clinical symptoms appear?
What is the typical duration of rabies disease once clinical symptoms appear?
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In which situation is a shorter incubation period for rabies more likely to occur?
In which situation is a shorter incubation period for rabies more likely to occur?
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What is the primary purpose of sending the head of an animal to a laboratory?
What is the primary purpose of sending the head of an animal to a laboratory?
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Which group of individuals is targeted for pre-exposure rabies immunization?
Which group of individuals is targeted for pre-exposure rabies immunization?
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What is the recommended duration for post-exposure washing of a wound after a potential rabies exposure?
What is the recommended duration for post-exposure washing of a wound after a potential rabies exposure?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies after an animal bite?
Which of the following is NOT a part of post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies after an animal bite?
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In what scenario is rabies vaccination indicated without prior vaccination?
In what scenario is rabies vaccination indicated without prior vaccination?
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What should be done if a person has an unknown antibody titre after a potential rabies exposure?
What should be done if a person has an unknown antibody titre after a potential rabies exposure?
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What is the interval for booster doses required for individuals at high risk of rabies exposure?
What is the interval for booster doses required for individuals at high risk of rabies exposure?
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During which scenario is systemic passive immunization (IG) unnecessary?
During which scenario is systemic passive immunization (IG) unnecessary?
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What is the appropriate treatment for someone who has been exposed to a suspected rabid animal with minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding?
What is the appropriate treatment for someone who has been exposed to a suspected rabid animal with minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding?
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What should be done if a rabies exposure involves touching or feeding a suspected rabid animal?
What should be done if a rabies exposure involves touching or feeding a suspected rabid animal?
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If a patient has been bitten by a suspected rabid animal and has a history of hypertension and diabetes, what is the first step in treatment at the emergency department?
If a patient has been bitten by a suspected rabid animal and has a history of hypertension and diabetes, what is the first step in treatment at the emergency department?
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What action should be taken regarding the environment of a patient exposed to a suspected rabid animal?
What action should be taken regarding the environment of a patient exposed to a suspected rabid animal?
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In the case of a rabies exposure, what determines the necessity for administering immunoglobulin?
In the case of a rabies exposure, what determines the necessity for administering immunoglobulin?
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What can be concluded from a healthy animal being observed for 10 days after exposure?
What can be concluded from a healthy animal being observed for 10 days after exposure?
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What is the correct dosage for anti-rabies serum in the case of a patient who has sustained multiple bites?
What is the correct dosage for anti-rabies serum in the case of a patient who has sustained multiple bites?
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What is the primary focus of specific treatment for rabies exposure?
What is the primary focus of specific treatment for rabies exposure?
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What is the recommended schedule for rabies vaccinations following a potential exposure?
What is the recommended schedule for rabies vaccinations following a potential exposure?
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Which age group constitutes 40% of those bitten by suspected rabid animals?
Which age group constitutes 40% of those bitten by suspected rabid animals?
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What was the impact of Bangladesh's rabies elimination program launched in 2010?
What was the impact of Bangladesh's rabies elimination program launched in 2010?
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What is the estimated global cost of rabies annually?
What is the estimated global cost of rabies annually?
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What global initiative aims for zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030?
What global initiative aims for zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030?
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What is the defining characteristic of rabies as a disease?
What is the defining characteristic of rabies as a disease?
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What immediate action is recommended after a potential exposure to rabid animals?
What immediate action is recommended after a potential exposure to rabid animals?
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Which organization collaborates with WHO and OIE in the global rabies framework?
Which organization collaborates with WHO and OIE in the global rabies framework?
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Study Notes
Rabies Overview
- Rabies is a highly fatal viral disease of the central nervous system.
- It is caused by the Lyssa virus type 1.
- It is a zoonotic disease, affecting warm-blooded animals, primarily carnivores like dogs, cats, and wolves.
- Rabies is transmitted to humans through the bites or licks of infected animals.
Rabies Virus Characteristics
- A (-)ssRNA virus (Baltimore Group V).
- The virus structure includes helical ribonucleoprotein, RNA polymerase, matrix protein, phosphoprotein, lipoprotein envelope, and glycoprotein spikes.
- The virus infects the central nervous system (CNS).
Rabies Forms
- Furious rabies: Characterized by hyperactivity and hallucinations.
- Paralytic rabies: Characterized by paralysis and coma.
Rabies Transmission
- Animal bites (the most common mode).
- Licks on abrasions of the skin or mucous membranes.
- Aerosols (in caves with infected bats).
- Rare person-to-person transmission (possible through corneal or organ transplants).
Rabies Reservoir
- Wild and domestic animals (dogs, foxes, wolves).
- Bats are also reservoirs in some areas (e.g., Mexico).
Rabies Source of Infection
- The saliva of rabid animals.
- In dogs and cats, the virus can be present in the saliva 3-4 days before the onset of symptoms, and persists until death.
Rabies Incubation Period
- Highly variable, typically 3 to 8 weeks (sometimes as short as 4 days and can last for years).
- Factors influencing incubation period include: site of bite, severity of bite, number of wounds, amount of virus injected, species of biting animal, and treatment/protection. Individuals with severe exposures (bite in head/neck/face/extremities and bite from wild animals) have shorter incubation periods.
Rabies Clinical Picture and Diagnosis
- Prodromal symptoms: headache, malaise, sore throat, and slight fever (lasting 3–4 days).
- Widespread excitation of the nervous system (intolerance to noise, light, aerophobia, hydrophobia).
- Disease duration 2 to 3 days, until a patient dies abruptly during convulsions or progresses to paralysis and coma.
- Confirm through antigen detection using immunofluorescence of skin biopsy, or virus isolation from saliva/secretions.
Rabies Diagnosis of Animals
- Microscopic identification of Negri bodies in brain tissue.
Rabies Control and Prevention
- Prevention:
- Immunize dogs and cats in endemic areas.
- Maintain active animal rabies surveillance.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP):
- Thorough wound washing with soap and water (at least 15 minutes).
- Use of virucidal agents (alcohol, 0.01% iodine, or povidone iodine solutions).
- Suturing the wound (24-48 hours post-exposure).
- Anti rabies serum (local application, helpful in preventing).
- Antibiotics and anti-tetanus.
- Observe for 10 days; kill and test the head if animal shows rabies symptoms.
- Vaccine administration: Modern cell culture vaccine (usually 6 doses intramuscularly on specific days e.g., 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 90).
Rabies Exposure Categories and Treatments
- Categorize exposure in 3 groups based on type and severity of contact, to determine the appropriate treatment and management strategies.
Rabies Summary
- Rabies is a preventable viral disease in over 150 countries.
- Dogs and other infected animals are a major source of human rabies deaths, particularly in Africa and Asia.
- Early, appropriate treatment can save lives and prevent rabies.
- Vaccination of dogs and cats reduces the infection spread.
- WHO promotes global initiatives like "United Against Rabies" to eliminate canine rabies.
World Rabies Day
- Celebrated annually on September 28th.
- Goal is to raise awareness about rabies prevention and progress in controlling the disease.
- Acknowledges Louis Pasteur's work in developing the first rabies vaccine.
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Description
Test your knowledge on rabies, including its transmission, symptoms, and prevention strategies. This quiz covers various aspects of rabies and its impact on humans and animals. Challenge yourself with questions about the infectious agent, primary sources of transmission, and control measures.
