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Questions and Answers
Which animals are primarily responsible for the wild cycle of rabies?
What is the first anatomical system that the rabies virus affects after transmission?
What is the final outcome of rabies infection if left untreated?
How do wild animals transmit the rabies virus to humans?
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Which of the following animals are at risk of contracting rabies according to the rural cycle of rabies transmission?
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What is the initial step in the transmission pathway of rabies?
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Which aspect describes the rabies transmission cycle in Bolivia specifically?
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How does rabies affect the nervous system of an infected animal?
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What mechanism allows the rabies virus to spread from animals to humans?
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What ultimately happens to an animal infected with rabies in terms of disease progression?
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Which genotype of rabies virus is associated with bats in Nigeria?
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What is the origin of Duvenhage Virus?
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Which genotype is known to be isolated from a European bat?
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Which rabies genotype was recently isolated from bats in Australia?
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Which rabies genotype is associated with shrews?
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What is the primary effect of the rabies virus on the body?
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What characteristic is associated with the street virus variant of rabies?
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Which statement about the fixed virus variant is true?
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What type of genome does the rabies virus have?
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How many genotypes does the Lyssavirus genus have?
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What is the primary source of rabies transmission in urban areas?
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How does the rabies virus typically enter the human body?
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What is the consequence of the rabies virus entering the human peripheral nervous system?
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Which statement accurately describes the transmission cycle of rabies in urban environments?
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What ultimately happens to a human once rabies progresses after exposure?
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Which agent is not effective in inactivating the rabies virus?
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How long does the rabies virus remain in the area of inoculation before neural invasion occurs?
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In which type of tissue does the rabies virus primarily replicate after inoculation?
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Which of the following agents is considered sensitive to the rabies virus?
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What role do peripheral nerves play in the pathogenesis of rabies?
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Study Notes
Rabies Transmission in Rural Areas
- Rural transmission cycle is driven by contact between wild and domestic animals, including camelids, sheep, horses, cattle, and others.
- Rabid animals (often wild) transmit the virus to susceptible animals (like livestock) through bites, licking, or contact.
- Infected animals can then transmit rabies to humans through bites, licking, or contact.
Rabies Virus Genotypes
- Seven distinct genotypes of rabies virus exist.
- Genotype 1 is the most common and widely distributed, isolated from mammals and both insectivorous and hematophagous bats.
- Genotype 6 is isolated from European bats and has been reported in human cases in Finland.
- Genotipo 2 is the Lagos Bat Virus, isolated from bats in Nigeria.
- Genotipo 3 is the Mokola Virus, isolated from shrews in Nigeria.
- Genotipo 4 is the Duvenhage Virus, isolated from a human in South Africa.
- Genotipo 5 is Lyssavirus 1, isolated from European bats and a human case in Russia.
- Genotipo 7 is a new virus found in bats in Australia.
Rabies Cycle in Wild Animals
- Wild cycle of rabies is driven by wild animals such as bats, foxes, wild cats, and others.
Transmission of Rabies from Wild Animals to Humans
- Wild animals transmit rabies to humans through bites.
- Virus enters the peripheral nervous system and then the central nervous system.
- Result is often fatal.
Rabies Virus Properties
- Highly sensitive to physical and chemical agents.
- Inactivated within minutes by sunlight, drying, ultraviolet radiation, changes in pH and temperature, lipid solvents, soaps, and common detergents.
- Resistant to phenol (depending on concentration), antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic agents.
- Indifferent to local anesthetics (novocaine or lidocaine), antihistamines, chlorhydrate of diphenhydramine, tranquilizers (chlorpromazine hydrochloride), and benzodiazepines.
Rabies Pathogenesis in Humans
- Inoculation of the virus occurs through a bite or contact with saliva from an infected animal.
- Virus travels to the central nervous system (CNS) through the axons of peripheral nerves.
- Virus remains dormant for approximately 72 hours after inoculation.
- Replication of the virus primarily occurs in skeletal muscle tissue.
Rabies in Humans: Definition and Etiology
- Disease that affects the central nervous system.
- Caused by the rabies virus, which produces encephalitis.
- Transmission occurs through the bite of a rabid animal (domestic or wild).
- Causative agent is a bullet-shaped virus with an RNA genome.
- Belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family and the Lyssavirus genus, which has 7 genotypes.
Rabies Virus: Genotype 1
- Classic rabies virus, widely distributed globally.
- Prototype strain (Challenge Virus Standard CVS).
- Encompasses viruses isolated from terrestrial mammals, bats, and laboratory strains.
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Divided into two types:
- Street Virus: Isolated from naturally infected animals, it has a prolonged incubation period. Produces Negri bodies in the brain.
- Fixed Virus: Derived from the street virus, it is a laboratory variant with shorter and more stable incubation periods. It does not produce Negri bodies and loses the ability to invade salivary glands.
Rabies Transmission Cycles in Bolivia
- Urban cycle: Most common, caused by companion animals (dogs and cats).
Rabies Transmission from Companion Animals to Humans
- Stray or owned dogs and cats can transmit rabies to humans through bites or licking.
- Virus enters the peripheral nervous system and then the central nervous system, leading to death.
Key Takeaways
- Bats are primary rabies-transmitting animals in Bolivia.
- Rabies affects all warm-blooded mammals.
- Disease is preventable with vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of rabies transmission in rural areas, focusing on interactions between wild and domestic animals. This quiz also delves into distinct genotypes of the rabies virus, highlighting their origins and implications for human health. Test your knowledge on this critical zoonotic disease.
