Rabies Transmission and Prevalence
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Based on the data from 2015, which statement accurately reflects the prevalence of rabies in domestic animals?

  • Rabies in cats is less common than rabies in cattle.
  • The percentage of dogs testing positive for rabies is approximately 1.1%.
  • The number of rabies cases in cats decreased by 10% compared to 2014. (correct)
  • The case of rabies in dogs is typically 3-4 times higher than in cats.

What is the primary mode of rabies transmission in most cases?

  • Through a bite that introduces infected saliva. (correct)
  • Through contact with fomites.
  • Through contact with aerosolized viral particles.
  • Through blood contact.

What is the significance of the image depicting a fox biting a cat?

  • To emphasize the importance of spaying and neutering pets.
  • To highlight a primary route of rabies transmission. (correct)
  • To demonstrate common interspecies affection.
  • To illustrate a rare case of aerosol transmission.

In which scenario would rabies transmission be LEAST likely?

<p>A dog owner is licked on their intact skin by their rabid dog. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the information about viral shedding, what period poses the greatest risk of rabies transmission from an infected animal to others?

<p>Potentially several days before the animal shows obvious clinical signs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of rabies is there the highest risk of transmission to humans?

<p>Prodromal stage, due to subtle behavioral changes making the animal approachable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is presented with a cat exhibiting hind leg paralysis and profuse salivation. Which stage of rabies is the cat MOST likely in?

<p>Paralytic stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dog, normally friendly, begins to exhibit fearful behavior and avoids interaction with its owner. Which stage of rabies might this indicate and what is the significance?

<p>Prodromal stage; this behavioral change may indicate early rabies infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the clinical signs of rabies typically differ between dogs and cats?

<p>Dogs are more prone to wild aggression and frothing at the mouth, while cats are more likely to develop hind leg paralysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does rabies virus transmission primarily rely on direct contact with an infected host?

<p>The virus rapidly degrades once outside a host, limiting its ability to spread indirectly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An animal is suspected of having rabies but has not yet shown any signs of paralysis or aggression. Which behavioral change would MOST strongly suggest that the animal is in the prodromal stage of rabies rather than simply exhibiting normal behavior?

<p>A nocturnal wild animal is seen wandering around during the day. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An animal is bitten by a rabid animal. What factors would contribute to a shorter incubation period?

<p>A bite of high severity located close to the brain and spinal cord, with a large amount of injected virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the rabies virus's pathogenesis, which event occurs after the virus multiplies in the neurons of the spinal cord?

<p>The virus travels to the brain, leading to encephalitis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A wildlife official found a raccoon showing neurological symptoms and suspects it has rabies. If the raccoon is capable of transmitting rabies through its saliva, what else must be true?

<p>The virus is detectable in the raccoon's brain tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An animal is suspected of having rabies but it is currently asymptomatic. Realistically, what stage of rabies is this animal most likely in?

<p>The animal is in the incubation period, where the virus is traveling through the nerves but has not reached the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is rabies considered a significant public health concern despite its low incidence in humans in the United States?

<p>Because of its potential to cause fatal encephalitis and its zoonotic nature affecting various mammals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A wildlife rehabilitation center admits an orphaned raccoon kit found in Indiana. What considerations should the staff prioritize regarding rabies?

<p>Raccoons are among the most commonly infected animals in the United States, and Indiana law probably requires animals to be current on their vaccinations, so precautions and testing may be needed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the prevalence of rabies in domestic cats compare to that in dogs in the United States, and what implications does this have for pet owners?

<p>Reported cases in domestic cats have outnumbered those in dogs every year since 1988, highlighting the importance of vaccinating cats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is bitten by a stray animal suspected of carrying rabies. What immediate actions should be taken following the exposure?

<p>Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water and seek immediate medical attention for post-exposure prophylaxis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of the Rabies lyssavirus is most responsible for the high mortality rate associated with rabies infections?

<p>Its neurotropic nature, leading to encephalitis once it reaches the central nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regions where rabies is uncommon, why should clinical diagnosis be approached with caution when making public health decisions?

<p>Early rabies symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases or behavioral issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If rabies is suspected in an animal and laboratory confirmation is required, which of the following steps is MOST critical to ensure accurate test results?

<p>Avoiding damage to the brain tissue during head removal and handling. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is refrigeration with wet ice or cold packs recommended over freezing when preserving brain tissues for rabies testing?

<p>Freezing damages the sample, preventing accurate diagnosis, while refrigeration preserves the tissue integrity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian suspects an animal of having rabies. Considering the need for prompt human prophylaxis, what is the MOST important reason for seeking early laboratory confirmation?

<p>To ensure exposed individuals receive timely post-exposure prophylaxis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A public health veterinarian receives a potentially rabies-infected sample which was not correctly stored. What is the MOST appropriate course of action?

<p>Request a new sample, emphasizing the importance of proper storage for accurate results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An unvaccinated dog is bitten by a confirmed rabid raccoon. According to the guidelines, what is the most appropriate course of action?

<p>Euthanize the dog or keep it under strict quarantine as determined by local regulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A vaccinated cat is exposed to a bat that later tests positive for rabies. What steps should be taken according to the provided guidelines?

<p>The cat should be revaccinated and observed for 90 days. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a veterinarian confirms a positive case of rabies in a domestic animal?

<p>The veterinarian must report the case to the local health department. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is bitten by an animal suspected of carrying rabies, but the animal's rabies status cannot be immediately confirmed. What is the recommended course of action for the person?

<p>The person should immediately begin post-exposure treatment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the guidelines for managing rabies exposure in animals?

<p>Vaccinated animals exposed to rabies should be revaccinated and observed for 90 days. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the vaccination of cats against rabies considered increasingly important?

<p>Rabies cases in cats are becoming more frequent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the PUREVAX™ Feline Rabies vaccine that distinguishes it from some other vaccines?

<p>It uses a nonadjuvanted suspension of recombinant vectored rabies vaccine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How frequently should cats be revaccinated with PUREVAX™ Feline Rabies vaccine after the initial vaccination?

<p>Annually (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, can wildlife kept as pets (including wolf hybrids) be effectively vaccinated against rabies using commercially available vaccines?

<p>No, no vaccine is approved for use, nor has protective immunity been demonstrated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian is asked if an 6-week-old kitten can receive the PUREVAX™ Feline Rabies vaccine. What is the most appropriate response based on the information?

<p>No, the kitten is too young; the vaccine is recommended for cats 8 weeks of age or older. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to administer rabies vaccines subcutaneously in the right rear limb, as distally as possible?

<p>To facilitate easier monitoring of post-vaccination reactions and allow for potential limb amputation if a severe reaction occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An Indiana resident adopted a 4-month-old kitten and vaccinated it against rabies. When should the owner ensure the kitten receives its next rabies vaccination to comply with Indiana law, assuming a triennial vaccine is used?

<p>Within 12 months of the initial vaccination, and then every 36 months thereafter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason rabies vaccines for domestic animals utilize killed virus?

<p>Killed virus vaccines are safer as they cannot cause the disease they are intended to prevent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dog owner in Indiana initially used a 1-year rabies vaccine for their pet. They decide to switch to a 3-year vaccine. To remain compliant with Indiana law, when must the dog receive its first booster of the 3-year vaccine?

<p>Within 12 months of the previous 1-year vaccine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical action to take after being potentially exposed to rabies, such as being bitten by a wild animal?

<p>Immediately wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water, and report the exposure to the local health department. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Rabies?

A viral disease causing fatal encephalitis.

What causes Rabies?

Rhabdovirus family, Lyssavirus genus, Rabies lyssavirus species.

What is a zoonotic disease?

A disease transmitted from animals to humans.

Common Rabies Carriers (USA)?

Raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, and coyotes

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Most common rabid domestic animal (USA)?

Cats

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Rabies Trends (2015)

In 2015, rabies cases in cats decreased by 10% compared to 2014, while cases in dogs increased by 13.6%.

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Rabies in Cats vs. Other Animals

Cats are 3-4 times more likely to be reported with rabies compared to cattle or dogs.

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Rabies Positive Test Rate (2015)

Approximately 1.1% of cats and 0.3% of dogs tested positive for rabies in 2015.

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Primary Rabies Transmission

Rabies is primarily transmitted through infected saliva entering the body via a bite.

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Secondary Rabies Transmission

Less common rabies transmission occurs through contact with mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth).

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Rabies Virus Stability

Rabies virus is unstable outside a host and quickly dies upon exposure to disinfectants.

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Rabies Incubation Period

The time between rabies infection and showing clinical signs, typically 3-12 weeks.

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Rabies Path of Travel

Rabies virus travels from nerve endings at the bite site to the brain and spinal cord.

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Rabies Terminal Stage

After reaching the brain and salivary glands, an infected animal typically dies within 7-10 days due to encephalitis.

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Rabies Latent Period

The time between initial exposure to rabies and actual infection of the host.

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Rabies Prodromal Stage

Initial stage of rabies marked by behavioral changes (1-3 days).

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Rabies Excitative (Furious) Stage

Rabies stage with hyperreactivity and potential aggression (3-4 days).

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Rabies Paralytic Stage

Final rabies stage; paralysis starts in throat/face, ascending to respiratory system, causing death.

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Behavior Changes in Prodromal Stage

Wild animals acting friendly or nocturnal animals active during the day.

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Rabid Dogs (Typical Signs)

Profuse salivation ('foaming') and aggression are typical.

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Rabies Clinical Diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis of rabies is unreliable, especially in regions where the disease is rare. Lab confirmation is required for definitive diagnosis.

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Early Rabies Symptoms

In early stages, rabies can be mistaken for other diseases or normal aggression.

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Rabies Suspect Animal Handling

Suspect animals should be euthanized, and the head (especially brain tissue) removed for laboratory testing.

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Preferred Rabies Diagnostic Test

Immunofluorescence microscopy on fresh brain tissue is the preferred test, allowing direct visualization of antigen-antibody reaction. Refrigerate but DO NOT freeze.

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Importance of Early Rabies Diagnosis

Rapid lab confirmation is essential for timely post-exposure prophylaxis in humans.

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Rabies treatment?

Currently, there is no treatment available for rabies once symptoms appear.

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Rabies exposure protocol (humans)?

Individuals exposed to a potential rabies carrier should receive post-exposure treatment immediately which includes rabies immunoglobulin and the rabies vaccine..

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Management of vaccinated animals exposed to rabies?

Revaccinate and observe for 90 days.

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Management of unvaccinated animals exposed to rabies?

Euthanasia, or strict quarantine according to local law.

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Rabies reporting?

Positive rabies cases must be reported to the local health department.

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Rabies Vaccination

Vaccinate dogs, cats, and ferrets according to local public health regulations using killed virus vaccines.

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Rabies Vaccine Location

Administer rabies vaccines subcutaneously in the right rear limb, as distally as possible.

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Reporting Rabies Exposure

Report any animal exposures to the local health department immediately.

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Rabies Vaccination Responsibility

Owners are responsible for keeping rabies vaccinations current based on vaccine type (annual or triennial) and local regulations.

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Indiana Rabies Law (pets)

All dogs, cats, and ferrets must be vaccinated for rabies starting at 3 months of age in Indiana.

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PUREVAX™ Feline Rabies vaccine

A nonadjuvanted, recombinant vectored rabies vaccine for cats.

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PUREVAX™ Administration

Administer via subcutaneous (SQ) injection to cats 8 weeks and older.

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PUREVAX™ Revaccination

Annual revaccination is advised after the initial dose.

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Importance of Feline Rabies Vaccination

Vaccinating cats is increasingly important due to the rising prevalence of rabies in feline populations.

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Wildlife Rabies Vaccination

These species do not have approved rabies vaccines, and vaccine efficacy is not proven.

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