Questioned Document Examination Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a disputed document and a questioned document?

A disputed document suggests there is an argument or controversy over the content, while a questioned document is any document about which some issues have been raised or under scrutiny. A disputed document is always a questioned document, but a questioned document isn't always disputed.

What are some examples of questioned documents?

  • Documents questioned as to the materials used in their production (correct)
  • Documents with questioned signatures (correct)
  • Holograph documents (correct)
  • Documents involving type writings are investigated or examined for purposes of determining the source, date and whether it contains fraudulent alterations (correct)
  • Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked or disputed (correct)
  • Documents questioned as to their age or date (correct)
  • Documents which may identify a person through handwriting such as anonymous letters, extortion notes, threat, ransom notes, registrations, and applications (correct)
  • Documents containing alleged fraudulent alterations such as erasures, additions, interlineations, or substitutions (correct)

Simple forgery involves an attempt to imitate a genuine signature.

False (B)

What role does the 'value' of a document play in criminal investigations?

<p>The 'value' of a document can help prove that a crime was committed or that the individual had knowledge of the crime. It can also help establish the intent of the criminal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of handwriting development?

<p>Imitation (B), Execution (C), Subject Matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Class characteristics refer to writing habits that are common to a specific group, such as a particular writing system or a professional group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individual characteristics in handwriting are personal habits not found in the writing of another person.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the mechanical factors that can influence a person's handwriting?

<p>Factors that can influence a persons handwriting include the quality of paper, the writing surface, the position of the writer, and even the writing instrument they are using.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological factors that can influence a person's handwriting?

<p>Blindness (A), Drugs and Medication (B), Severe Stress (C), Long-term Debilitating Illness (D), Mental Health (E), Alcohol and Drug Abuse (F), Tremor in Handwriting (G), Medication (H), Illness and Injuries (I), Guided Hand (J), Accidental Strokes (K), Substance Abuse (L), Physical Handicaps (M)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agraphis is the loss of the ability to write.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four groups of muscles involved in handwriting?

<p>Shoulder (A), Wrist (C), Elbow (D), Joints of the Fingers (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two kinds of muscles that help us write?

<p>The two kinds of muscles involved in writing are Extensors and Flexors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manuscript handwriting is usually learned by school children who are just beginning to write.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cursive handwriting is often learned earlier than manuscript handwriting.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'Old Round Hand' and 'Modern Vertical' handwriting?

<p>The main difference is the emphasis on vertical positions in 'Modern Vertical' handwriting, whereas 'Old Round Hand' is characterized by more rounded letter forms and connected strokes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angular handwriting is characterized by letter 'o' connections being angular.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two of the primary purposes of handwriting examination?

<p>Two primary purposes of handwriting examination are to determine if a writing in dispute is a forgery and to determine if a writing is by a suspected author.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calligraphy is the art of beautiful handwriting, while Cacography is the art of bad handwriting.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Document

Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs, visible or partially visible, that convey meaning.

Standard Document

A document whose origin is known and can be proven legally; used as a sample for comparison.

Collected/Procured Standard

Standard specimen executed in the regular course of a person's daily writing.

Requested/Dictated Standard

Standard specimen executed upon request, prepared specifically for analysis.

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Questioned Document

Any document about which some issues have been raised or which is under scrutiny.

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Disputed Document

A document suggesting an argument or controversy over its content.

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Forgery

The act of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive.

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Simple Forgery

Forged signature where no attempt is made to copy the genuine. It may be a fictitious name.

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Traced Forgery

Forged signature produced by tracing over a genuine one.

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Simulated/Copied Forgery

Forged signature that resembles the genuine, written freehand.

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Genuine Signatures

A genuine signature that the writer claims is fake.

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Alterations

Changes made to a document, including erasures, obliterations, interlineations, or substitutions.

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Counterfeiting

The act of making fake copies of currency, bills, or coins.

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Criminalistic Examination

Examinations to detect forgeries, alterations, and obliterations in documents.

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Handwriting Examination

Examinations of handwriting to determine authorship, identify alterations, or determine the origin of the writing instrument.

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Graphology

The study of handwriting to understand a person's personality traits.

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Questioned Document Expert

A person with appropriate education, training, knowledge, and experience in handling questioned document cases.

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Questioned Document Examination

The process of examining a questioned document to determine its authenticity, authorship, or other aspects.

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Falsification of Documents

The act of making a document appear genuine by altering it to appear authorized.

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Classifications of Falsification/Forgery

The act of imitating something or altering a document.

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Reasons for Falsification

Reasons behind falsifying documents, such as financial gain, misleading investigators, or concealing identity.

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Instruments Used in Questioned Document Examination

Tools used to examine questioned documents, such as magnifying lenses, microscopes, and specialized light sources.

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Magnifying Lens

A magnifying lens used to examine documents, especially in currency examinations.

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Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope

A tool that provides a tri-dimensional view of a document under examination.

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Transmitted Light Gadget

A device to illuminate documents from below, aiding in detecting alterations.

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Ultraviolet Lamp

A light source emitting ultraviolet rays, used to detect altered features or security features.

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Handwriting

The visible effect of bodily movement in writing, reflecting unconscious expression and writing style.

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Handwriting Identification

The examination of disputed handwriting to determine authorship, identify alterations, or other characteristics.

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Class Characteristics

Characteristics common to a group, such as a specific writing system, language, or profession.

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Individual Characteristics

Characteristics unique to an individual, such as personal letter formations or combinations.

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Factors Affecting Handwriting

Factors that can affect handwriting, such as writing instrument, paper quality, or the writer's physical condition.

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Agraphia

The loss of the ability to write, often caused by brain injury or neurological conditions.

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Study Notes

Questioned Document Examination

  • Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs (visible or partially visible) that convey meaning, such as writing, typewriting, or printing on paper.

Etymology of "Document"

  • Latin: "lesson" or "example"
  • French: "to teach"

Public Document

  • Created, executed, or issued by a public official for public service.
  • Includes instruments authorized by a notary public or other official, following legal requirements.

Official Document

  • Issued by a public official within their official duties.
  • A type of public document.

Private Document

  • Executed by a private individual without a notary or legal authority.
  • Used to prove, record, or evidence a transaction/agreement.

Commercial Document

  • Defined and regulated by commercial law codes.

Questioned Document

  • Any document where an issue is raised regarding its origin, authenticity, or alterations.
  • Possible arguments/controversies over document content:
    • Questioned Signatures
    • Alleged Fraudulent Alterations
    • Age/Date of the Document
    • Materials Used in Production
    • Questioned Handwriting (e.g., anonymous letters/threatening notes).

Classes of Disputed Documents

Forgery

  • The process of creating, adapting, or imitating documents to deceive.
Simple Forgery
  • Forged signature without copying an existing signature.
  • Can include a fictional person's signature.
Traced Forgery
  • Imitation of a signature by tracing over the original.
Simulated or Copied Forgery
  • A freehand attempt to create a matching signature.

Alterations

  • Modifications to a document (i.e., erasures, additions, substitutions)

Counterfeiting

  • Producing fraudulent imitations of documents
  • Determining whether documents are authentic or not.

Questioned Document Examination vs. Graphology

  • Questioned Document Examination: Compares a document to known standards to determine how it was made or if it has been modified.
  • Graphology: Analyzes handwriting to potentially associate it with personality traits.

Who Conducts the Examination?

  • A Questioned Document Expert who has the proper education, training, and experience in handling these cases.

Purpose of a Questioned Document Expert

  • Assure preparation for courts/tribunals.
  • Provide specialized knowledge to judges/officials on document-related tasks.

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