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An official document can also be classified as a private document.
An official document can also be classified as a private document.
False
Holograph documents are documents executed by a public official.
Holograph documents are documents executed by a public official.
False
Commercial documents are defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce.
Commercial documents are defined and regulated by the Code of Commerce.
True
Documents questioned as to their age or date must always be evaluated by a notary public.
Documents questioned as to their age or date must always be evaluated by a notary public.
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Documents involving type writings are investigated to determine if they contain fraudulent alterations.
Documents involving type writings are investigated to determine if they contain fraudulent alterations.
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A questioned document refers to any document that lacks the proper signatures.
A questioned document refers to any document that lacks the proper signatures.
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Genuine documents can sometimes be erroneously or fraudulently attacked.
Genuine documents can sometimes be erroneously or fraudulently attacked.
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Checks and legal papers are classified as commercial documents.
Checks and legal papers are classified as commercial documents.
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A microscope can only be used for viewing large details in questioned document examinations.
A microscope can only be used for viewing large details in questioned document examinations.
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The main reason for falsification in document examination is to conceal a person's true identity.
The main reason for falsification in document examination is to conceal a person's true identity.
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Transmitted light examination involves looking at the document under normal lighting conditions.
Transmitted light examination involves looking at the document under normal lighting conditions.
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A magnifying lens used in currency examinations has a maximum diameter of two inches.
A magnifying lens used in currency examinations has a maximum diameter of two inches.
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Stereoscopic examination is utilized to detect unnatural pen strokes in signature analysis.
Stereoscopic examination is utilized to detect unnatural pen strokes in signature analysis.
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The act of changing document content through erasures or substitutions is referred to as manipulation.
The act of changing document content through erasures or substitutions is referred to as manipulation.
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Examinations made with a microscope can aid in detecting erasures that are invisible to the naked eye.
Examinations made with a microscope can aid in detecting erasures that are invisible to the naked eye.
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The ability to write legibly is becoming less important due to advances in communication technology.
The ability to write legibly is becoming less important due to advances in communication technology.
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Oblique light examination uses reflection at a high angle to analyze documents.
Oblique light examination uses reflection at a high angle to analyze documents.
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Handwriting is an essential skill for clear communication and preserving ideas.
Handwriting is an essential skill for clear communication and preserving ideas.
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A simulated or copied forgery can include a signature that is written free hand.
A simulated or copied forgery can include a signature that is written free hand.
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Infrared examination involves using visible light to inspect document alterations.
Infrared examination involves using visible light to inspect document alterations.
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Photographic examination is vital for documenting observations in document analysis.
Photographic examination is vital for documenting observations in document analysis.
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Genuine signatures are always accepted as authentic by writers.
Genuine signatures are always accepted as authentic by writers.
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Counterfeiting involves determining the value of currency bills and coins only.
Counterfeiting involves determining the value of currency bills and coins only.
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Handwriting identification is solely based on the physical appearance of handwriting.
Handwriting identification is solely based on the physical appearance of handwriting.
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Handwriting results from deliberate mental effort and learned muscular habits.
Handwriting results from deliberate mental effort and learned muscular habits.
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Determining alterations in a document includes analyzing if different ink or paper was used.
Determining alterations in a document includes analyzing if different ink or paper was used.
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The main purpose of handwritings is to aid in forgetting information.
The main purpose of handwritings is to aid in forgetting information.
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The examination of fake documents is a part of the detection of alterations.
The examination of fake documents is a part of the detection of alterations.
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An important aspect of crime involving documents is proving the completion of the act.
An important aspect of crime involving documents is proving the completion of the act.
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Individuals can maintain communication despite geographical changes due to handwriting.
Individuals can maintain communication despite geographical changes due to handwriting.
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The determination of the age of documents is considered a miscellaneous aspect in document examination.
The determination of the age of documents is considered a miscellaneous aspect in document examination.
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Erasures and obliterations can be used to determine whether changes were made before the execution of the document.
Erasures and obliterations can be used to determine whether changes were made before the execution of the document.
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Simple forgery involves an attempt to imitate genuine signatures.
Simple forgery involves an attempt to imitate genuine signatures.
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Intelligent police investigators can detect up to 75% of forgeries using simple magnifiers and measuring tools.
Intelligent police investigators can detect up to 75% of forgeries using simple magnifiers and measuring tools.
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Traced forgery is easier to identify than simple forgery because it closely resembles genuine signatures.
Traced forgery is easier to identify than simple forgery because it closely resembles genuine signatures.
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Handwriting examination requires minimal study and experience to determine the author of a writing.
Handwriting examination requires minimal study and experience to determine the author of a writing.
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Examination of inks is one of the subjects included in questioned document examination.
Examination of inks is one of the subjects included in questioned document examination.
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A forgery can only be classified if it contains a recognized signature.
A forgery can only be classified if it contains a recognized signature.
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Graphology is another term for handwriting examination.
Graphology is another term for handwriting examination.
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The easiest type of forgery to identify is traced forgery.
The easiest type of forgery to identify is traced forgery.
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The CORTEX is responsible for guiding the muscles of the hand during writing.
The CORTEX is responsible for guiding the muscles of the hand during writing.
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The term ILLEGIBLE refers to handwriting that is very readable.
The term ILLEGIBLE refers to handwriting that is very readable.
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In handwriting, the elbow is not considered a group of muscles used for writing.
In handwriting, the elbow is not considered a group of muscles used for writing.
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Modern Vertical handwriting emphasizes a vertical position whether connected or disconnected.
Modern Vertical handwriting emphasizes a vertical position whether connected or disconnected.
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CACOGRAPHY refers to the art of beautiful handwriting.
CACOGRAPHY refers to the art of beautiful handwriting.
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The primary purpose of handwriting examination is to determine authorship in disputed writing.
The primary purpose of handwriting examination is to determine authorship in disputed writing.
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An angular style of writing features letters made up entirely of curves.
An angular style of writing features letters made up entirely of curves.
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The PEN is considered an extension of the brain during the writing process.
The PEN is considered an extension of the brain during the writing process.
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Study Notes
Questioned Document Examination
- Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs (visible or not) conveying meaning is a document. This includes pencil, ink, typewriting, or printing on paper.
- Documents are classified legally as public (created by public officials), official (issued by public officials in office), private (executed by private individuals), or commercial (defined by commercial law).
- Questioned documents have issues raised or scrutiny. Disputed documents have arguments or controversy. A disputed document is always a questioned document, but not all questioned documents are disputed.
- Standards/exemplars are documents with known origin used to compare with questioned documents. They're collected/procured from daily activities or requested/dictated.
Classes of Disputed Documents
- Forgery: Making, adapting, or imitating objects/documents to deceive. This includes simple forgery (no attempt to copy a signature) and traced/simulated forgery (resembling a signature).
- Alterations: Changes like erasures, obliterations, interlineations, or substitutions.
Types of Examination
- Handwriting Examination: To determine the author of a writing. This includes graphology/graphoanalysis (examining signatures, initials, anonymous letters, etc.).
- Examination of typewriting: Determining the source, date, or fraudulent alterations.
- Examination of inks: Identifying inks used.
- Examination of erasures/alterations: Detecting alterations and deciphering erased writings.
- Examination of currency bills/coins: Identifying authentic currency.
- Examination of materials: Identifying physical characteristics of materials.
Questioned Document Expert Qualifications
- Education and training in document examination.
- Scientific and legal knowledge.
- Experience handling questioned document cases.
Purpose of Examining Documents
- Identify authors.
- Establish true contents.
- Determine the origin of instruments/paper.
- Locate alterations/erasures.
- Assess document authenticity.
Falsification
- Falsification occurs when a document is made to appear genuine, despite not being so.
- This includes forgery (imitation) and alteration (changes).
- Reasons for falsification include fraudulent gain, concealment, and suppressing facts.
Examination Techniques
- Magnifying Lens: Used in currency examination.
- Shadowgraph: Casting a shadow on a surface.
- Stereoscopic Binocular Microscope: For tri-dimensional enlargement.
- Table Lamps with Adjustable Shades: For controlled illumination.
- Transmitted Light Gadget: Viewing documents from beneath.
- Ultraviolet Lamp: Detecting counterfeits/security features.
- Infrared Viewer: Deciphering writings in charred documents.
- Comparison Microscope: Similar to bullet comparison microscopes.
- Microscopic Examination: Examining documents for minute details.
Handwriting Identification
- Handwriting as a communication method.
- Importance of handwriting identification in legal or criminal cases.
- Classes for handwriting characteristics:
- Class characteristics: Common to a group (writing system, language, profession).
- Individual characteristics: Unique to a person (letter combinations, habits).
Physiological Basis of Handwriting
- Impulse to write starts in the brain.
- Pen/writing instrument extends the hand's movement.
- Muscles employed include extensors and flexors.
- Stages of Handwriting Development: Imitation, Execution, and Subject matter
- Variables that affect handwriting include time span, health, mental health, medications, and physical conditions.
Handwriting Analysis
- Examiners determine if a document forgery or authored as claimed.
- Consider if the writing is legible or not.
Types of Handwriting
- Old Round Hand
- Modern Vertical
- Calligraphic
- Angular
- Script
- Block
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Description
Test your knowledge on questioned documents and their classifications. This quiz covers definitions, types of documents, and the standards for examining disputed documents. Perfect for students in forensic science or law enforcement.
