Paleography Flashcards for Questioned Documents Investigation

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the impulse to form a letter when writing?

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Cortex (correct)

Hippocampus

What type of muscle pushes the pen to form the upward strokes in writing?

Extensor muscles (correct)

Lumbricals

Flexor muscles

Numerical muscles

In handwriting, what influences how we write similar to how they influence how we walk and talk?

Physical capabilities

Emotions and attitudes (correct)

Occupational factors

Environmental factors

Which group of muscles are primarily involved in forming lateral strokes in writing?

Lumbricals Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological basis of handwriting mentioned in the text?

The hands contain different types of muscles that guide the writing process. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of writing does the text suggest receives more attention than the process of writing itself?

Subject matter to be written Signup and view all the answers

What is paleography?

The study of early writing Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of handwriting?

A combination of visible mental and muscular habits Signup and view all the answers

How is handwriting described according to Huber?

A complex perceptual motor task Signup and view all the answers

What is one main focus area of questioned documents mentioned in the text?

Identifying persons through handwriting Signup and view all the answers

What does paleography encompass?

The study of ancient and medieval scripts Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common method of chemical ink testing mentioned in the text?

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to conduct a non-destructive examination before a chemical examination of ink?

To prevent alteration of the writing Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the purposes of identifying a component of an ink in forensic analysis?

To antedate a document Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pen is NOT mentioned in the text as a common writing tool?

Gel Pen Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of forensic ink examination mentioned in the text?

Examining police blotter entries Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ink is specifically mentioned as 'Indian Inks'?

Carbon Ink Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple forgery according to the text?

Fraudulent signature without an attempt to simulate or imitate Signup and view all the answers

In forgery by means of a stamped facsimile, what is commonly used?

Stamped facsimile of signatures Signup and view all the answers

Under the revised penal code, which of the following is considered an act of falsification?

Altering true dates on a document Signup and view all the answers

How does a forger create a spurious signature?

By adopting a disguise and making a rapid stroke Signup and view all the answers

What kind of fraud involves attributing statements to individuals that they did not make?

Attributing false statements in narrations Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an alteration that can change the meaning of a genuine document?

Making intercalations in genuine documents Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the three distinctive designs of the small letter 'y'?

The depth of the lower stroke Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the small letter 'i' is considered distinctive?

The alignment of the dot with the central line of the vertical staff Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing factor between the upper and lower strokes of the capital letter 'E'?

The curvature of the strokes Signup and view all the answers

How can two typewritten documents be identified as being typed from the same typewriter?

By checking for consistency in type face style, design, and spacing Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes between the downward strokes of figure '7'?

Whether the stroke is straight or curved Signup and view all the answers

In identifying typewriters based on commas, what aspect is considered distinctive?

How close the tail extends to the dot Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Questioned Documents

Investigated to determine their authenticity, authorship, and content
Typed or handwritten documents, including anonymous and disputed letters, superscriptions, and registrations

Handwriting

Result of complex series of acts, combining mental and muscular habits
Acquired skill that involves neuro-muscular task
Hand contains 27 bones controlled by over 40 muscles

Paleography

Study of early writing, including ancient and medieval scripts
Focuses on Greek and Latin languages and their derivatives

Kinds of Writings

Cursive: connected writing where one letter is joined to the next
Script: separated or printed writings
Block: writing in all capital letters

Basis of Handwriting Identification

Environment, education, and occupation
Appearance of writing strokes, indicating focus of attention
Difficulty in imitating another person's writing style

Physiological Basis of Handwriting

Impulse to form a letter begins in the brain's writing center
Involves complex muscle movements, including extensor and flexor muscles
Four groups of muscles are employed in writing: finger, wrist, elbow, and shoulder

Writing Instruments

Quill Pen
Steel Point Pens (Brazen Pens)
Fountain Pens
Ball Point Pen
Fiber Tip Pens (pentle pen)
Felt-Tip Markers (coloured markers)

Kinds of Inks

Indian Inks/carbon ink
Log Wood Inks
Iron Gallotanate Inks
Dyestuff Inks
Water Resistant Writing and Drawing Inks
Fountain Pen Inks
Alkaline Writing Inks
Stamp Pad Inks
Hectograph Inks
Typewriter Ribbon Inks
Skrip Ink

Examination and Identification of Ink

Visual and photographic examination
Chemical examination using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
Identification of ink composition and developmental history

Forgery Methods

Tracing a signature outline with pencil or fountain pen
Spurious Signature (Simple Forgery): a fraudulent signature without attempt to simulate or imitate
Forgery by means of a Stamped Facsimile of a Genuine or Model
Forgery by Computer Scanning

Acts of Falsification

Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature, or rubric
Causing it to appear that persons have participated in an act or proceeding when they did not
Attributing false statements to persons
Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts
Altering true dates
Making alterations or intercalations in a genuine document

Characteristics of Handwriting

Small letter "y" has three distinctive designs
Small letter "i" has two distinctive designs
Upper and Lower Strokes of Capital Letter "E" may be equal or unequal
Serif of Capital Letter "E" may be vertical or oblique
Figure "7" has a downward stroke that may be straight or curved
Figure "5" has a downward stroke that may be straight or curved
Comma (,) has a tail that may extend to the left or not
Parenthesis may vary in curvature

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Description

Test your knowledge on questioned documents, including anonymous letters, superscriptions, and the determination of resources, dates, and fraudulent alterations. Explore the issues related to the age and authenticity of these documents.

Questioned Documents Investigation

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