Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the impulse to form a letter when writing?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the impulse to form a letter when writing?
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
- Cortex (correct)
- Hippocampus
What type of muscle pushes the pen to form the upward strokes in writing?
What type of muscle pushes the pen to form the upward strokes in writing?
- Extensor muscles (correct)
- Lumbricals
- Flexor muscles
- Numerical muscles
In handwriting, what influences how we write similar to how they influence how we walk and talk?
In handwriting, what influences how we write similar to how they influence how we walk and talk?
- Physical capabilities
- Emotions and attitudes (correct)
- Occupational factors
- Environmental factors
Which group of muscles are primarily involved in forming lateral strokes in writing?
Which group of muscles are primarily involved in forming lateral strokes in writing?
What is the physiological basis of handwriting mentioned in the text?
What is the physiological basis of handwriting mentioned in the text?
What aspect of writing does the text suggest receives more attention than the process of writing itself?
What aspect of writing does the text suggest receives more attention than the process of writing itself?
What is paleography?
What is paleography?
What is the result of handwriting?
What is the result of handwriting?
How is handwriting described according to Huber?
How is handwriting described according to Huber?
What is one main focus area of questioned documents mentioned in the text?
What is one main focus area of questioned documents mentioned in the text?
What does paleography encompass?
What does paleography encompass?
What is the most common method of chemical ink testing mentioned in the text?
What is the most common method of chemical ink testing mentioned in the text?
Why is it important to conduct a non-destructive examination before a chemical examination of ink?
Why is it important to conduct a non-destructive examination before a chemical examination of ink?
What is one of the purposes of identifying a component of an ink in forensic analysis?
What is one of the purposes of identifying a component of an ink in forensic analysis?
Which type of pen is NOT mentioned in the text as a common writing tool?
Which type of pen is NOT mentioned in the text as a common writing tool?
What is one of the uses of forensic ink examination mentioned in the text?
What is one of the uses of forensic ink examination mentioned in the text?
Which type of ink is specifically mentioned as 'Indian Inks'?
Which type of ink is specifically mentioned as 'Indian Inks'?
What is a simple forgery according to the text?
What is a simple forgery according to the text?
In forgery by means of a stamped facsimile, what is commonly used?
In forgery by means of a stamped facsimile, what is commonly used?
Under the revised penal code, which of the following is considered an act of falsification?
Under the revised penal code, which of the following is considered an act of falsification?
How does a forger create a spurious signature?
How does a forger create a spurious signature?
What kind of fraud involves attributing statements to individuals that they did not make?
What kind of fraud involves attributing statements to individuals that they did not make?
What is an example of an alteration that can change the meaning of a genuine document?
What is an example of an alteration that can change the meaning of a genuine document?
What distinguishes the three distinctive designs of the small letter 'y'?
What distinguishes the three distinctive designs of the small letter 'y'?
Which feature of the small letter 'i' is considered distinctive?
Which feature of the small letter 'i' is considered distinctive?
What is a distinguishing factor between the upper and lower strokes of the capital letter 'E'?
What is a distinguishing factor between the upper and lower strokes of the capital letter 'E'?
How can two typewritten documents be identified as being typed from the same typewriter?
How can two typewritten documents be identified as being typed from the same typewriter?
What distinguishes between the downward strokes of figure '7'?
What distinguishes between the downward strokes of figure '7'?
In identifying typewriters based on commas, what aspect is considered distinctive?
In identifying typewriters based on commas, what aspect is considered distinctive?
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Study Notes
Questioned Documents
- Investigated to determine their authenticity, authorship, and content
- Typed or handwritten documents, including anonymous and disputed letters, superscriptions, and registrations
Handwriting
- Result of complex series of acts, combining mental and muscular habits
- Acquired skill that involves neuro-muscular task
- Hand contains 27 bones controlled by over 40 muscles
Paleography
- Study of early writing, including ancient and medieval scripts
- Focuses on Greek and Latin languages and their derivatives
Kinds of Writings
- Cursive: connected writing where one letter is joined to the next
- Script: separated or printed writings
- Block: writing in all capital letters
Basis of Handwriting Identification
- Environment, education, and occupation
- Appearance of writing strokes, indicating focus of attention
- Difficulty in imitating another person's writing style
Physiological Basis of Handwriting
- Impulse to form a letter begins in the brain's writing center
- Involves complex muscle movements, including extensor and flexor muscles
- Four groups of muscles are employed in writing: finger, wrist, elbow, and shoulder
Writing Instruments
- Quill Pen
- Steel Point Pens (Brazen Pens)
- Fountain Pens
- Ball Point Pen
- Fiber Tip Pens (pentle pen)
- Felt-Tip Markers (coloured markers)
Kinds of Inks
- Indian Inks/carbon ink
- Log Wood Inks
- Iron Gallotanate Inks
- Dyestuff Inks
- Water Resistant Writing and Drawing Inks
- Fountain Pen Inks
- Alkaline Writing Inks
- Stamp Pad Inks
- Hectograph Inks
- Typewriter Ribbon Inks
- Skrip Ink
Examination and Identification of Ink
- Visual and photographic examination
- Chemical examination using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- Identification of ink composition and developmental history
Forgery Methods
- Tracing a signature outline with pencil or fountain pen
- Spurious Signature (Simple Forgery): a fraudulent signature without attempt to simulate or imitate
- Forgery by means of a Stamped Facsimile of a Genuine or Model
- Forgery by Computer Scanning
Acts of Falsification
- Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature, or rubric
- Causing it to appear that persons have participated in an act or proceeding when they did not
- Attributing false statements to persons
- Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts
- Altering true dates
- Making alterations or intercalations in a genuine document
Characteristics of Handwriting
- Small letter "y" has three distinctive designs
- Small letter "i" has two distinctive designs
- Upper and Lower Strokes of Capital Letter "E" may be equal or unequal
- Serif of Capital Letter "E" may be vertical or oblique
- Figure "7" has a downward stroke that may be straight or curved
- Figure "5" has a downward stroke that may be straight or curved
- Comma (,) has a tail that may extend to the left or not
- Parenthesis may vary in curvature
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