Quasi-Experimental Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of using a treatment group in this design?

  • To have participants improve more than the control group (correct)
  • To ensure random assignment is used
  • To control for all possible confounding variables
  • To eliminate the need for pretests

What characterizes the Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Groups design?

  • It includes random assignment of subjects
  • Both groups only receive a posttest
  • Only a pretest is administered to both groups
  • A control group receives no treatment while the treatment group does (correct)

Which of the following is a limitation of this design regarding confounding variables?

  • It eliminates the effects of attrition
  • It accounts for both history and maturation effects
  • It randomly assigns participants to conditions
  • It is unable to completely control for all confounding variables (correct)

How does random assignment affect the nature of the experiment?

<p>It makes the experiment a between-groups experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of steps in the treatment group of this design?

<p>Pretest, treatment, then posttest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What quasi-experimental design is described as having the highest internal validity?

<p>Switching Replication Design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a One-Group Design?

<p>A treatment manipulation occurs with no control group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Switching Replication Design, what is typically introduced?

<p>A treatment is implemented and then removed periodically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the One-Group Design?

<p>It does not have a control group and measures the DV once. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Treatment Removal Design typically assess?

<p>The influence of an independent variable before and after its removal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Switching Replication Design from traditional experimental designs?

<p>It includes varying treatment phases that may alternate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are quasi-experimental designs with switching replication considered valid?

<p>They can show changes in outcomes through repeated measurements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a One-Group Posttest Only Design differ from other designs?

<p>There is no pretest; the dependent variable is measured after treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of the One-Group Posttest Only Design?

<p>It lacks a control or comparison group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design, how many times is the outcome measured?

<p>Twice, before and after the treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could influence the results of a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design due to the lack of counterbalancing?

<p>Order effects from treatment administration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group design includes measuring an outcome only once after treatment?

<p>One-Group Posttest Only Design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are results from One-Group Posttest Only Designs often reported in the media?

<p>These results are simple and straightforward to interpret. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design compared to other designs?

<p>It measures the same group of participants twice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential result of the lack of a control group in One-Group Designs?

<p>Unclear causal inferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the one-group designs?

<p>They can lead to questionable conclusions due to lack of comparisons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of control or comparison groups in a study?

<p>They provide a standard against which the treatment group can be compared. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an alternative explanation for effects in a study?

<p>Random assignment of participants to conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does regression to the mean refer to in experimental research?

<p>The tendency for extreme scores to become less extreme over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about interrupted time series design?

<p>It assesses the effects of an intervention over time with repeated measurements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a posttest only nonequivalent groups design, what occurs?

<p>One group receives treatment while a similar group does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might spontaneous recovery indicate in a study?

<p>Behavioral improvements might occur without intervention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue can arise from maturation in a study?

<p>Changes in participant behavior unrelated to the treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does instrumentation affect a study?

<p>It refers to changes in measurement tools or methods that can impact data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a multiple pretest posttest design allow researchers to do?

<p>Analyze the effects of the treatment across multiple timepoints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern when interpreting findings from a single-group study?

<p>The potential influence of maturation and other variables on results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do participants in the treatment group receive before the treatment?

<p>A pretest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is used to assess the dependent variable without receiving a treatment initially?

<p>Nonequivalent control group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the final assessment of the dependent variable conducted in the Switching Replication design?

<p>It occurs after treatment removal from both groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the treatment in the Switching Replication design during the study?

<p>It is first removed from one group and added to another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pretest in both groups during the study?

<p>To gather baseline data for comparison (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Groups design, what follows the initial posttest?

<p>A treatment removal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key components that participants need to provide in the Method section of a study?

<p>Participants, materials, and procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect is addressed in the Study Limitations and Future Research Directions section?

<p>Limitations of the research and suggestions for future studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a One-Group Pretest-Posttest design?

<p>A treatment is implemented before measuring the dependent variable twice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is an Interrupted Time Series design defined?

<p>A series of measurements over time are interrupted by a treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Non-Equivalent Groups Design, what is true about the two groups?

<p>One group receives the treatment while the other does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of a Non-Equivalent Groups Design?

<p>The groups may differ in important characteristics besides the treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the measurement intervals in an Interrupted Time Series design?

<p>A fixed series of measurements both before and after a treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Posttest Only Non-Equivalent Groups design, when are measurements taken?

<p>Only after the treatment has been completed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nonequivalent groups' imply?

<p>Groups differ in significant ways that may affect outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of comparing groups in Non-Equivalent Groups Design?

<p>To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

One-Group Posttest Only

A treatment is given to one group, and an outcome is measured once after the treatment.

One-Group Pretest-Posttest

A treatment is given to one group and an outcome is measured twice, before and after treatment.

Quasi-experimental design

An experiment that lacks complete control of the variables, like no random assignment.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable being measured to see if it changes after the treatment.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated in the study or the treatment itself.

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Pretest

An initial measurement of an outcome before any treatment.

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Posttest

A measurement of an outcome after a treatment.

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Control group

A group that does not receive the treatment and is used for comparison.

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Control/Comparison Groups

Groups in a study that aren't exposed to the treatment or intervention being tested, to allow researchers to compare them to the experimental group.

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Alternative Explanations

Possible reasons for a result observed in a study, other than the treatment itself, like maturation, testing effects, or spontaneous remission.

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Maturation

Changes in participants over time during a study, unrelated to the treatment, like growth or learning.

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Testing Effect

The impact of being tested multiple times on a study participant's responses, like increased familiarity with the questions.

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Instrumentation

Changes in how variables are measured in a study, potentially due to changes in a measuring instrument, or observer bias.

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Regression to the Mean

The tendency for extreme scores to become closer to the average over time, possibly masking the impact of a treatment.

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Spontaneous Remission

Improvements that occur naturally over time, unrelated to the treatment intervention.

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Interrupted Time Series Design

A study design that monitors a variable over time, and introduce a treatment, measuring before and after the treatment to assess its effect.

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Posttest Only Nonequivalent Groups Design

A study design where groups are not randomized but measured after a treatment to compare them. Treatment is applied to one group and not to another.

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Multiple Pretests/Posttests

Taking measurements numerous times before and after a treatment in a study to observe patterns and trends.

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Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Groups Design

Compares a treatment group receiving a treatment with a control group that doesn't. Both receive a pretest and posttest.

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Treatment Group

The group that receives the treatment or intervention.

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Switching Replication

A quasi-experimental design with high internal validity involving two groups: one receives a treatment followed by a posttest, while the other group receives the treatment after a posttest. This allows for comparison of the two groups' outcomes.

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Treatment Removal Design

A quasi-experimental design where a treatment is applied to a group, followed by a posttest, then the treatment is removed, and another posttest is administered. This allows for observation of the effect of the treatment's absence on the outcomes.

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Internal Validity

The degree to which a study's results can be confidently attributed to the independent variable (treatment) and not to other factors.

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One-Group Design

A research design that involves only one group of participants. There is no control group to compare against.

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IV (Independent Variable)

The variable that is manipulated or changed in the study, often the treatment itself.

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DV (Dependent Variable)

The variable being measured to see if it changes in response to the independent variable (treatment).

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Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Groups

A design where two groups are compared, one receiving a treatment and the other not. Both groups are measured before (pretest) and after (posttest) the treatment.

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Treatment Removal

A design where the treatment is removed from the first group after it is given to the second group. Measurements are taken before and after the treatment is removed from the first group.

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What is a pretest-posttest design?

A research design where participants are measured before (pretest) and after (posttest) the treatment is introduced.

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What are control groups used for?

Control groups receive no treatment and are used to compare against the treatment group, helping isolate the treatment's effect.

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What are nonequivalent groups?

Groups that are not randomly assigned to conditions, potentially leading to pre-existing differences between them.

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What is the purpose of a posttest?

To measure the outcome after the treatment has been given.

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What is the difference between a pretest-posttest design and a posttest only design?

A pretest-posttest design measures before and after the treatment, while a posttest only design only measures after the treatment.

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Nonequivalent Groups Design

A study where participants are not randomly assigned to groups, and one group receives the treatment while another does not.

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Interrupted Time Series with Nonequivalent Group

A design that combines an interrupted time series with a control group. Both groups are measured before and after the treatment.

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What is the main characteristic of a Nonequivalent Groups Design?

No random assignment of participants to groups, meaning the groups may not be truly comparable before the treatment starts.

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Why is the control group important in Non-Equivalent Groups Design?

The control group provides a baseline against which to compare the treatment group, helping to isolate the effect of the treatment.

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What is the primary difference between a Posttest Only Nonequivalent Groups Design and a One-Group Posttest Only Design?

Posttest Only Nonequivalent Groups Design uses a control group, allowing for comparison of groups after the treatment. One-Group Posttest Only Design only has one group that receives the treatment.

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How does Interrupted Time Series with Nonequivalent Group design strengthen the study?

It strengthens the design by adding a comparison group measured over the same period, offering a stronger basis to attribute changes to the treatment rather than other factors.

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Study Notes

Quasi-Experimental Research

  • Quasi-experimental research resembles true experiments but lacks essential components like control groups or random assignment
  • An independent variable (IV) is manipulated, but researchers cannot control for confounding variables
  • This type of research eliminates directionality problems but cannot address confounding variables
  • It is important to note there is no control group

Types of Designs

One-Group Designs

  • Posttest Only: Treatment is administered, followed by a single measurement of the dependent variable (DV)
  • Pretest-Posttest: The DV is measured before and after treatment administration
  • Interrupted Time Series: Repeatedly measures the DV over time, with the treatment occurring at a specific point

Non-Equivalent Groups Designs

  • Posttest Only: Treatment and control groups measured once after treatment
  • Pretest-Posttest: A pre-test and post-test are administered to both the treatment and control groups
  • Interrupted Time Series: Repeated measurements of the DV in both groups before and after intervention
  • Pretest-Posttest with Switching Replications: Treatment is switched between groups, and repeated measures are taken
  • Switching Replication with Treatment Removal: Treatment is applied to one group, removed, and then applied to another group

One-Group Posttest Only Design

  • This is the weakest quasi-experimental design
  • There's no control group for comparison
  • Findings are often reported in media

One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

  • Treatment is administered, and the DV is measured before and after
  • This design is similar to a within-subjects experiment but lacks counterbalancing
  • The lack of counterbalancing introduces the possibility of alternative explanations for pre-post differences

Why Control/Comparison Groups are Important

  • History: External events affecting participants
  • Maturation: Changes within participants over time
  • Testing: The pre-test affecting post-test results
  • Instrumentation: Changes in how the DV is measured
  • Regression to the Mean: Extreme scores reverting toward the average
  • Spontaneous Remission: Improvement occurring naturally over time

Interrupted Time Series Design

  • This design measures variables repeatedly before, during, and after treatment
  • Multiple pretest and posttests provide context

Posttest Only Nonequivalent Groups Designs

  • One group receives treatment; the other doesn't
  • Researchers aim to create similar groups

Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Groups Designs

  • Similar to posttest designs but includes pre-tests
  • Aim to show treatment group improves more than the control group

Pretest-Posttest Design with Switching Replication

  • One group initially receives treatment, another doesn't
  • The treatment is then switched, allowing for comparison

Switching Replication with Treatment Removal Design

  • Treatment is applied, then removed from one group and applied to another
  • Provides stronger findings about treatment's effectiveness

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Description

This quiz explores quasi-experimental research designs, including one-group and non-equivalent group designs. It covers the key characteristics, advantages, and limitations of these methods, highlighting the absence of control groups and random assignment. Test your understanding of how these designs function in research.

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