Podcast
Questions and Answers
A researcher aims to evaluate a new teaching method on student performance. To account for pre-existing differences in student abilities, they decide to match students based on their previous academic records before assigning them to either the new method group or the traditional method group. Which design are they employing?
A researcher aims to evaluate a new teaching method on student performance. To account for pre-existing differences in student abilities, they decide to match students based on their previous academic records before assigning them to either the new method group or the traditional method group. Which design are they employing?
- Matched Group Design (correct)
- Randomized Group Design
- Correlational Design
- Within-Group Design
In a study comparing two different treatments for anxiety, researchers want to minimize the risk of carryover effects. Which experimental design would be most appropriate?
In a study comparing two different treatments for anxiety, researchers want to minimize the risk of carryover effects. Which experimental design would be most appropriate?
- Within-Group Design
- Quasi-experimental Design
- Between-Group Design (correct)
- Mixed Design
A researcher is conducting a study on the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. Participants complete a series of cognitive tasks after 24 hours of sleep deprivation and again after a full night's rest. What type of experimental design is being used?
A researcher is conducting a study on the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. Participants complete a series of cognitive tasks after 24 hours of sleep deprivation and again after a full night's rest. What type of experimental design is being used?
- Within-Group Design (correct)
- Between-Group Design
- Correlational Design
- Matched Group Design
What is a key advantage of using a within-group design over a between-group design, assuming all other factors are equal?
What is a key advantage of using a within-group design over a between-group design, assuming all other factors are equal?
A researcher wants to study the impact of a new drug dosage on reaction time. They plan to administer three different dosages to the same group of participants, each separated by a washout period. Which potential issue should the researcher be most concerned about?
A researcher wants to study the impact of a new drug dosage on reaction time. They plan to administer three different dosages to the same group of participants, each separated by a washout period. Which potential issue should the researcher be most concerned about?
In which scenario would a between-group design be more appropriate than a within-group design?
In which scenario would a between-group design be more appropriate than a within-group design?
A reading program is being evaluated for its effectiveness. Students are pre-tested, then participate in the reading program, and are then post-tested. What type of carryover effect would be of MOST concern?
A reading program is being evaluated for its effectiveness. Students are pre-tested, then participate in the reading program, and are then post-tested. What type of carryover effect would be of MOST concern?
A researcher aims to study the effect of a new drug on cognitive function. They randomly assign participants to either receive the drug or a placebo. How does this approach primarily address potential confounding variables?
A researcher aims to study the effect of a new drug on cognitive function. They randomly assign participants to either receive the drug or a placebo. How does this approach primarily address potential confounding variables?
A researcher wants to study the impact of background noise on test performance. They have participants complete a test in a quiet room and then the same test in a noisy room. What is the primary concern with this design?
A researcher wants to study the impact of background noise on test performance. They have participants complete a test in a quiet room and then the same test in a noisy room. What is the primary concern with this design?
In a matched-groups design, what is the primary reason for matching participants on certain characteristics?
In a matched-groups design, what is the primary reason for matching participants on certain characteristics?
When is a Within-Group design most appropriate?
When is a Within-Group design most appropriate?
What is the main goal of a research design?
What is the main goal of a research design?
Which of the following is NOT a listed benefit of having a research design?
Which of the following is NOT a listed benefit of having a research design?
Why is it important to control for nuisance variables in experimental designs?
Why is it important to control for nuisance variables in experimental designs?
How does randomization help in a between-group design?
How does randomization help in a between-group design?
What does the 'blueprint for research' refer to?
What does the 'blueprint for research' refer to?
What is the primary goal of using a matched groups design?
What is the primary goal of using a matched groups design?
What is the primary disadvantage of a within-group design?
What is the primary disadvantage of a within-group design?
In the context of research design, what does 'controlling variance' refer to?
In the context of research design, what does 'controlling variance' refer to?
Which design is similar to the Matched-group Between Group Design?
Which design is similar to the Matched-group Between Group Design?
Flashcards
Research Design
Research Design
The blueprint for research, providing the plan, structure, and strategy to answer research questions and control variance.
Need for Research Design
Need for Research Design
Ensures smooth research operations, provides direction, aids decision-making, allows advance planning, and prevents aimless searching.
Between-Group Design
Between-Group Design
A design where different groups of subjects are assigned to each level of the independent variable (IV).
Randomized Group Design
Randomized Group Design
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Matched Groups Design
Matched Groups Design
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Advantages of Between-Group Design
Advantages of Between-Group Design
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Disadvantages of Between-Group Design
Disadvantages of Between-Group Design
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Within-Group Design
Within-Group Design
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Advantages of Within-Group Design
Advantages of Within-Group Design
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Disadvantages of Within-Group Design
Disadvantages of Within-Group Design
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Examples of Carryover Effects
Examples of Carryover Effects
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When to Use Within-Group Design
When to Use Within-Group Design
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Study Notes
- Research design serves as the blueprint for research
- Research design includes the plan, structure, and strategy of investigation
- The goal of research design is to answer research questions and control variance
Need for Research Design
- Research design ensures smooth sailing of research operations
- Research Design provides directions, assists in decision-making, and allows advance planning of methods
- A research design prevents blind searching
Types of Research Design
- The focus is on experimental research design
- Experimental research design differs from other designs because of the Independent Variable (IV) and Dependent Variable (DV)
Types of Experimental Design
- Within-group design: one group experiences all levels of the IV
- Between-group design: different groups experience different levels of the IV
Between-Group Design
- Different groups of subjects are assigned to each level of IV
- Involves at least one control group and one experimental group
- Two types of between-group designs: randomized group and matched group
Randomized Group Design
- Involves randomly assigning subjects to each level of the IV
- The number of groups should match the number of levels of the IV
Randomized Group Design Advantages
- Simple to carry out, requiring smaller groups of subjects
- Pre-testing or categorization of subjects is not needed
- Statistical analysis is straightforward
Randomized Group Design Disadvantages
- Could provide limited data on the effect of the IV on DV, especially with only two or three levels of IV
- May lack sensitivity to the effect of the IV because of variations in characteristics that influence the DV, making it difficult to test the IV's influence on the DV
Matched Groups Design
- Subjects are matched based on certain characteristics that may influence the DV
- Matched subjects are distributed evenly across each level of the IV
- This design controls for subject characteristics that influence the DV
- This design increases the likelihood of observing the influence of the IV on the DV
Matched Groups Design Advantages
- Allows control for nuisance variables that may obscure the effect of IV on the DV
Matched Groups Design Disadvantages
- Requires pre-testing and matching of subjects
- The measures used to match subjects must be reliable and valid
Pros of Between-Group Design
- Prevents carryover effects of learning and fatigue
- Shorter design study
Cons of Between-Group Design
- Needs larger samples for high power
- Uses more resources to recruit participants, administer sessions, cover costs
- Individual differences may be an alternative explanation for results
Within-Group Designs
- An alternative to the between-group design
- Each subject is exposed to all levels of the IV
- Conceptually, it is similar to the matched-group between-group design, where the individual is "matched" with themselves across each level of the IV
Within-Group Designs Advantages
- Subjects are "matched" across all levels of the IV
- This design controls the error variance due to extraneous variables that influence dependent variables
Within-Group Design Disadvantages
- More demanding on subjects (time and resources)
- Carryover effects occur when one treatment affects the results of a future treatment.
Examples of Carryover Effects
- Learning
- Fatigue
- Sensitization
- Habituation
- Contrast
- Adaptation
Pros of Within-Group Design
- Only requires small samples
- Statistically powerful
- Removes the effects of individual differences on the outcomes
Cons of Within-Group Design
- Internal validity threats reduce the likelihood of establishing a direct relationship between variables
- Time-related effects, such as growth, can influence the outcomes
- Carryover effects mean that the specific order of different treatments affects the outcomes
When to Use Within-Group Design
- When the characteristics of the subject influence the DV and are difficult to control
- When a large number of subjects is not available
- When assessing the effect of increasing levels of an IV on a DV
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