Quantitative Sampling Techniques

Individuals are the most common source of evidence, often called "participants" or "subjects."

A "sample."

<p>A known probability of selection and aims to select a sample representative of a larger group for generalization of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which repeated random samples will deviate from the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The margin of error decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The problem of randomly selected participants not completing the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selecting every nth member of a list or population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure that subgroups (strata) within a population are proportionally represented in the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naturally occurring groups (e.g., schools, districts) are randomly selected first, then subjects are randomly selected from those groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of selecting a participant is unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Based on their characteristics or their availability to participate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ease with which participants can be recruited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of representativeness of the general population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide the best information to address the research question, these cases are studied in depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selecting cases that are unique or atypical outliers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified purposeful sampling and purposeful random sampling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The participants should be clearly described with specific and detailed information, and the population is defined clearly, sampling is clearly described, free from bias, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To relate previous research and theory to the problem under investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By showing how a current or proposed study compares to previous investigations, allowing the research problem and methodology to be placed in an appropriate context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they wouldn't be aware of what methods have already been shown to be effective in previous studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By learning how others have defined the problem, finding ideas and examples, and clarifying concepts and variables, leading to a more specific and focused problem formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By identifying if a new theory is proposed or tested, or if existing theory will be used. It also establishes a logical link between the research question and methodology within a pertinent conceptual framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By revealing what has already been studied, allowing researchers to explore gaps in the existing literature and avoid unnecessary repetition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By examining both successful and unsuccessful methods used in previous studies and suggesting a need to replicate research with specific improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This provides an opportunity to design research that can resolve the contradiction and therefore contribute significantly to knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When there are few or no closely related studies, or when educational studies aren't clearly related to the problem; and also the literature can provide evidence for the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Select a topic and key terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary source is an original article or report where researchers communicate directly, while a secondary source reviews, summarizes, or discusses primary research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A review that quantitatively synthesizes previous studies using statistical methods to calculate an overall effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because there are different ways to identify and combine studies, which can affect the credibility of the results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because records can easily be organized in different ways after receiving the articles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Summary of the study, analysis of the study, and summary of how the study relates to the research problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reference section of a primary source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A review in which a topic is identified and discussed without a detailed analysis of individual studies. This approach is more common in qualitative reviews.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive or non-cognitive, commercially prepared or locally developed, self-report or observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive measures assess mental abilities such as knowledge, reasoning, and problem-solving. An example is an achievement test. Non-cognitive measures focus on affective traits, such as personality, attitudes, values, and preferences. An example is a questionnaire about a student's self-esteem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Commercially prepared instruments are designed for widespread use with high technical merit, while locally developed instruments are created for specific research needs, often with less emphasis on standardization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-reports involve direct responses from participants via tests, questionnaires, or interviews, while observations involve external recording of behaviors, which may be structured or unstructured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, standards-based (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-referenced tests compare individual performance to a normative group, while criterion-referenced tests compare performance to a pre-determined standards. This means a norm-referenced test tells how a student performed in comparison to others, while a criterion-referenced test compares a students' score to a pre-defined standards, such as passing a competency test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norm-Referenced Tests, Criterion-Referenced Tests and Performance Tests. They are often structured to assess specific skills or abilities in a standardized manner, ensuring consistent measurement across different contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Likert scales are used to measure the extent of agreement or disagreement with statements. They are structured as a range of options, typically with anchors at each end, such as &quot;Strongly Agree&quot; and &quot;Strongly Disagree.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic differential scales use bipolar adjectives to measure attitudes or perceptions. For example, a researcher might ask participants to rate a particular policy on a scale ranging from &quot;Fair&quot; to &quot;Unfair.&quot; This allows researchers to measure attitudes toward a concept by examining the respondent's position on a continuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Questionnaires offer advantages such as efficiency, low cost, and anonymity. However, disadvantages include the potential for response bias, social desirability, and limited exploration of depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-inference observations focus on observable actions with minimal interpretation, while high-inference observations require judgment and interpretation of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observer bias and reliability issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strategies include training observers, using multiple observers, ensuring observers are blind to hypotheses, and having clear observation protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structured: Predefined questions, Semi-structured: Some flexibility in wording, Unstructured: Open-ended and flexible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals providing data in research; a sample is the group of these individuals.

Selecting samples to represent a larger population for generalization.

Selecting information-rich participants for in-depth understanding.

Random selection where each individual has a known chance of being chosen, aiding generalization.

Every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Selecting every nth individual from a list.

Dividing the population into subgroups and sampling within those groups.

Selecting pre-existing groups and then individuals within those groups.

Assesses how well a sample represents the population; decreases with larger sample sizes.

Occurs when participants are unrepresentative, skewing results.

Participants are selected based on the researcher's discretion without known probabilities.

Recruiting readily available participants, leading to potential bias.

Choosing participants based on specific characteristics for a deeper understanding of a phenomenon.

Selecting individuals who meet certain predetermined criteria.

Analyzing data based on themes or patterns identified within qualitative data.

Combining quantitative and qualitative sampling methods.

Evidence supporting an instrument's ability to measure what it claims.

Results should be consistent and repeatable across contexts and time.

Using verbal interactions to collect detailed qualitative data.

Structured, semi-structured, and unstructured based on flexibility of answers.

The study of interpretation, particularly of texts and understanding.

The relationship between understanding whole texts and their parts iteratively.

Merging different perspectives of the interpreter and the text for understanding.

Challenges traditional interpretation, emphasizing ideology and power dynamics.

Guidelines ensuring studies are conducted responsibly and ethically.

Participants are aware of the study's nature and agree to partake voluntarily.

A method that focuses on narrative data for rich insights into experiences.

Research that relies on numerical data for generalizability.

Research designed to solve practical problems rather than theoretical issues.

Research that aims to improve practices within a specific context or organization.