Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term that philosophers used to call research before the modern idea of research emerged?
What is the term that philosophers used to call research before the modern idea of research emerged?
Logical reasoning
What are the two major logical systems that are related to modern research?
What are the two major logical systems that are related to modern research?
- Deductive and Inductive (correct)
- Practical and Theoretical
- Logical and Illogical
- Analytical and Observational
What is an error in logic often called?
What is an error in logic often called?
Fallacy
The hourglass metaphor for the research process represents a well-known structure of a research project.
The hourglass metaphor for the research process represents a well-known structure of a research project.
What part of the hourglass metaphor represents the most concrete or specific part of the research process?
What part of the hourglass metaphor represents the most concrete or specific part of the research process?
What is a key component in a causal study that involves deciding which units receive the program and which are placed in an alternative condition?
What is a key component in a causal study that involves deciding which units receive the program and which are placed in an alternative condition?
Deductive reasoning works from the more specific to the more general.
Deductive reasoning works from the more specific to the more general.
Inductive reasoning is characterized as being more open-ended and exploratory, particularly at the beginning.
Inductive reasoning is characterized as being more open-ended and exploratory, particularly at the beginning.
Deductive reasoning is focused on confirming or testing hypotheses.
Deductive reasoning is focused on confirming or testing hypotheses.
Most social research employs both deductive and inductive reasoning processes at some point in the project.
Most social research employs both deductive and inductive reasoning processes at some point in the project.
What is a faulty reasoning that draws conclusions about individuals based solely on group data?
What is a faulty reasoning that draws conclusions about individuals based solely on group data?
What is a faulty reasoning that draws a conclusion based on exceptional or unique cases?
What is a faulty reasoning that draws a conclusion based on exceptional or unique cases?
What is the best available approximation of the truth of a proposition, inference, or conclusion?
What is the best available approximation of the truth of a proposition, inference, or conclusion?
What is the abstract idea or theory that represents the cause in a cause-effect relationship?
What is the abstract idea or theory that represents the cause in a cause-effect relationship?
What is the abstract idea or theory that represents the outcome in a cause-effect relationship?
What is the abstract idea or theory that represents the outcome in a cause-effect relationship?
What does the acronym CICE stand for in relation to research validity?
What does the acronym CICE stand for in relation to research validity?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Is there a relationship between the two variables?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Is there a relationship between the two variables?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Is the relationship causal?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Is the relationship causal?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Can you generalize this effect to other persons, places, or times?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Can you generalize this effect to other persons, places, or times?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Can you claim that the program reflected well your construct of the program and that your measure reflected well your idea of the construct of the measure?" address?
In the context of research validity, what does the question "Can you claim that the program reflected well your construct of the program and that your measure reflected well your idea of the construct of the measure?" address?
Threats to validity refer to reasons why your conclusion or inference might be incorrect.
Threats to validity refer to reasons why your conclusion or inference might be incorrect.
What is the ethical principle that ensures study participants voluntarily engage in research without coercion?
What is the ethical principle that ensures study participants voluntarily engage in research without coercion?
What is the ethical principle that involves informing study participants of the procedures and risks involved in research and ensuring they give their consent?
What is the ethical principle that involves informing study participants of the procedures and risks involved in research and ensuring they give their consent?
What is the ethical principle that assures study participants that identifying information collected through the study will not be disclosed to others?
What is the ethical principle that assures study participants that identifying information collected through the study will not be disclosed to others?
What is the ethical principle that ensures that no one, including researchers, can link data to a specific individual?
What is the ethical principle that ensures that no one, including researchers, can link data to a specific individual?
What is the ethical concern that arises when participants in a study do not receive a service they would be eligible for if they were not in the study?
What is the ethical concern that arises when participants in a study do not receive a service they would be eligible for if they were not in the study?
What is the acronym for a panel of individuals who scrutinize research proposals to ensure ethical conduct?
What is the acronym for a panel of individuals who scrutinize research proposals to ensure ethical conduct?
It is recommended to conduct a literature review before starting a research project.
It is recommended to conduct a literature review before starting a research project.
Prior research can help you identify important constructs and avoid overlooking crucial elements in your study.
Prior research can help you identify important constructs and avoid overlooking crucial elements in your study.
A literature review can help you find and choose suitable measurement instruments.
A literature review can help you find and choose suitable measurement instruments.
The literature review can help you anticipate common challenges and avoid pitfalls in your research context.
The literature review can help you anticipate common challenges and avoid pitfalls in your research context.
Flashcards
Research Structure
Research Structure
A research project has a beginning, middle, and end with logical reasoning.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning from specific observations to broader generalizations.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.
Research Question
Research Question
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Construct
Construct
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Operationalization
Operationalization
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Causal Study
Causal Study
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Research Problem
Research Problem
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Validity
Validity
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Hourglass Metaphor
Hourglass Metaphor
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Research Design
Research Design
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Units
Units
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Sampling
Sampling
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Fallacy
Fallacy
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Logical systems
Logical systems
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Study Notes
Quantitative Research
- Research projects have a beginning, middle, and end
- Prior to modern research, logical reasoning was the term used
- Inductive and deductive reasoning methods are related to modern research
- Errors in logic (fallacies) are common in research
- Validity of research is important, considering factors that affect validity
Structure of Research
- Research begins with broad questions
- Questions become more specific
- Operationalization is central to the process
- Translating research questions into procedures, measurements, and outcomes
Components of a Study
- Research often originates from a general problem
- Problems are narrowed down to specific questions
- Research questions are central and phrased in theory terms
- Hypotheses are developed to describe expected study outcomes
Components of a Study (continued)
- Hypotheses are specific, helping the reader understand the study's purpose
- Cause-effect studies involve at least two variables: a cause to evaluate and an effect to measure
- Researchers distinguish between controllable and uncontrolled causes
- The effect or dependent variable is the outcome
Components of a Study (continued)
- Cause and effect are examined using constructs, i.e. ideas, and how these are manifested in reality
- Operationalization is essential to accurately represent constructs
- Social research is context-dependent
- Examples include questionnaire answers, family observations, and community analyses
Components of a Study (continued)
- Causal studies investigate the influence of a cause on outcomes
- In causal studies, the outcomes of intervention (a program) are contrasted with other conditions, like no program
- Assignment of participants to groups (e.g. program vs. control group) requires a research design
- Research design is vital to analyze how participants are assigned or placed into programs or treatments
Deduction and Induction
- Deductive reasoning starts from broad theories, moves to hypotheses, and ends with observations
- Inductive reasoning begins with specific observations and works toward broader theories
Deduction and Induction (Continued)
- Inductive approaches are explorative, particularly initially
- Deductive ones are narrower and concentrate on testing or confirming hypotheses
Deduction and Induction (Continued)
- Studies might blend inductive and deductive approaches
- Both deductive and inductive methods play roles
- Deductive and inductive reasoning are intertwined in research
Two Research Fallacies
- Ecological fallacy makes conclusions about individuals based purely on group data
- Exception fallacy draws conclusions based on exceptional cases
Validity of Research
- Validity is crucial to the accuracy of research conclusions
- Cause constructs involve an abstract idea or theory
- Effect constructs describe the outcome or result in a cause-effect relationship
Validity of Research (continued)
- Conclusion validity assesses if a relationship exists
- Internal validity determines if the relationship is a causal one
- Construct validity evaluates how well the constructs are measured
- External validity determines the generalizability of findings
Ethics in Research
- Voluntary participation ensures participants are not coerced into participating
- Informed consent is required for participation
- Confidentiality protects participants' privacy
- Anonymity ensures that data cannot be linked to individuals
- Right to service ensures that participants are legitimately eligible for the services
- Institutional Review Board (IRB) ensures ethical research practices
Conceptualizing
- Research topics originate from specific sources
- Feasibility requires careful consideration of SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound)
- Prior research is essential for a conceptual understanding of the topic
Conceptualizing (continued)
- Literature reviews help understand similar studies and constructs
- Reviewing literature ensures important constructs are not overlooked.
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