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What is the name of the overall strategy used by researchers to logically and coherently integrate the various components of a study?
What is the name of the overall strategy used by researchers to logically and coherently integrate the various components of a study?
Design
What is the process called that involves the selection of portion or segment of the population at the center of a researcher's study?
What is the process called that involves the selection of portion or segment of the population at the center of a researcher's study?
Sampling
What are the tools used to gather data for a particular research topic?
What are the tools used to gather data for a particular research topic?
Instruments
What is the purpose of a descriptive research design?
What is the purpose of a descriptive research design?
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What is the primary goal of experimental research designs?
What is the primary goal of experimental research designs?
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What are the variables called that are not part of a study but are believed to influence the outcomes?
What are the variables called that are not part of a study but are believed to influence the outcomes?
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What is the term for the type of validity that measures whether a research instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure?
What is the term for the type of validity that measures whether a research instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure?
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What is a potential threat to internal validity that occurs when the subjects or respondents of a study are not randomly selected?
What is a potential threat to internal validity that occurs when the subjects or respondents of a study are not randomly selected?
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Maturation is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the experiment is conducted beyond a longer period of time during which most of the subjects undergo physical, emotional, and/or psychological changes.
Maturation is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the experiment is conducted beyond a longer period of time during which most of the subjects undergo physical, emotional, and/or psychological changes.
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History refers to a threat to internal validity that occurs when an unusual event affects the result of an experiment.
History refers to a threat to internal validity that occurs when an unusual event affects the result of an experiment.
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Instrumentation change occurs when the instrument used in gathering the data is changed or replaced during the conduct of the study.
Instrumentation change occurs when the instrument used in gathering the data is changed or replaced during the conduct of the study.
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Mortality is a threat to validity that occurs when one or more subjects die, drop out, or transfer from the study.
Mortality is a threat to validity that occurs when one or more subjects die, drop out, or transfer from the study.
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Testing is a threat to validity that occurs when a pretest is given to subjects who have knowledge of baseline data.
Testing is a threat to validity that occurs when a pretest is given to subjects who have knowledge of baseline data.
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What is the threat to external validity called that appears when the characteristics of the researcher affect the behavior of the subjects or respondents?
What is the threat to external validity called that appears when the characteristics of the researcher affect the behavior of the subjects or respondents?
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What is the threat to external validity called that occurs when respondents or subjects respond artificially to the treatment because they know they are being observed as part of a research study?
What is the threat to external validity called that occurs when respondents or subjects respond artificially to the treatment because they know they are being observed as part of a research study?
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What is the threat to external validity called that occurs when subjects have been exposed to the treatment through taking the pretest, which may affect the posttest results?
What is the threat to external validity called that occurs when subjects have been exposed to the treatment through taking the pretest, which may affect the posttest results?
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A true experimental design requires that the researcher manipulates the experimental variables, that is, the researcher has control over the independent variables, as well as the treatment and the subjects; there must be one experimental group and one comparison or control group; and the subjects are randomly assigned either to the comparison or experimental group.
A true experimental design requires that the researcher manipulates the experimental variables, that is, the researcher has control over the independent variables, as well as the treatment and the subjects; there must be one experimental group and one comparison or control group; and the subjects are randomly assigned either to the comparison or experimental group.
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A quasi-experimental design is similar to the pretest-posttest control group design except there is no random assignment of subjects to the experimental and control groups.
A quasi-experimental design is similar to the pretest-posttest control group design except there is no random assignment of subjects to the experimental and control groups.
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In a time-series design, the researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects.
In a time-series design, the researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects.
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What type of research design involves gathering data from self-reports about respondents' attitudes, opinions, perceptions, or behaviors?
What type of research design involves gathering data from self-reports about respondents' attitudes, opinions, perceptions, or behaviors?
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Which of the following is a method used to collect data in survey studies?
Which of the following is a method used to collect data in survey studies?
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What is the term for a subset of the population that represents the entire population and serves as the respondents in a study?
What is the term for a subset of the population that represents the entire population and serves as the respondents in a study?
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What is the term for a single member of a sample?
What is the term for a single member of a sample?
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What is the term for the numeric characteristic of a population?
What is the term for the numeric characteristic of a population?
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What type of sampling involves selecting every nth individual in a population?
What type of sampling involves selecting every nth individual in a population?
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What are two types of non-probability sampling?
What are two types of non-probability sampling?
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A structured questionnaire provides possible answers and respondents have to select from them.
A structured questionnaire provides possible answers and respondents have to select from them.
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What type of question provides alternative responses, allowing respondents to choose from a given set of options?
What type of question provides alternative responses, allowing respondents to choose from a given set of options?
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What type of question requires respondents to fill in the blanks with the necessary information?
What type of question requires respondents to fill in the blanks with the necessary information?
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What type of question assigns numbers to names, choices, and other pertinent data to allow for statistical analysis?
What type of question assigns numbers to names, choices, and other pertinent data to allow for statistical analysis?
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What type of question allows respondents to provide their own opinions about an issue of concern?
What type of question allows respondents to provide their own opinions about an issue of concern?
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A combination-type questionnaire combines two or more types of questions.
A combination-type questionnaire combines two or more types of questions.
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It is recommended that research questions should be stated in an affirmative rather than in a negative manner.
It is recommended that research questions should be stated in an affirmative rather than in a negative manner.
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Double-barreled questions are questions that ask two or more questions at once.
Double-barreled questions are questions that ask two or more questions at once.
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What is one of the most common scales used in research questionnaires?
What is one of the most common scales used in research questionnaires?
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What type of scale measures respondents' perceptions of a concept or attribute on a bipolar scale, such as good versus bad or strong versus weak?
What type of scale measures respondents' perceptions of a concept or attribute on a bipolar scale, such as good versus bad or strong versus weak?
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A good research questionnaire should be concise yet able to elicit the needed data, typically ranging from two to four pages in length.
A good research questionnaire should be concise yet able to elicit the needed data, typically ranging from two to four pages in length.
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The maximum time for a respondent to complete a research questionnaire is 10 minutes.
The maximum time for a respondent to complete a research questionnaire is 10 minutes.
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Each question in a research questionnaire should be no longer than 20 words.
Each question in a research questionnaire should be no longer than 20 words.
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Questions in a research questionnaire should be arranged in a sequence from the simplest to the most complex.
Questions in a research questionnaire should be arranged in a sequence from the simplest to the most complex.
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All research instruments must be validated and reliable to ensure accuracy and consistency of the data.
All research instruments must be validated and reliable to ensure accuracy and consistency of the data.
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What is the term for the degree to which a research instrument measures what it is intended to measure?
What is the term for the degree to which a research instrument measures what it is intended to measure?
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Face validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument appears to measure the variables being studied.
Face validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument appears to measure the variables being studied.
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Content validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument covers a representative sample or specific elements of the variable being measured.
Content validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument covers a representative sample or specific elements of the variable being measured.
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Construct validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument measures the variables being studied as a whole.
Construct validity refers to the degree to which a research instrument measures the variables being studied as a whole.
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Concurrent validity is a measure of how well a test correlates with other tests that are already known to measure the same construct.
Concurrent validity is a measure of how well a test correlates with other tests that are already known to measure the same construct.
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Predictive validity is a measure of how well a test predicts future performance on some criterion.
Predictive validity is a measure of how well a test predicts future performance on some criterion.
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What is the term for the consistency of the measures of a research instrument?
What is the term for the consistency of the measures of a research instrument?
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What type of reliability is measured by administering a test twice to the same group of participants and computing the consistency of the scores?
What type of reliability is measured by administering a test twice to the same group of participants and computing the consistency of the scores?
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Equivalent forms reliability is measured by administering two tests identical in all aspects except the actual wording of items.
Equivalent forms reliability is measured by administering two tests identical in all aspects except the actual wording of items.
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Internal consistency reliability is a measure of how well the items in two instruments measure the same construct.
Internal consistency reliability is a measure of how well the items in two instruments measure the same construct.
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The split-half method/split-half coefficient is a method for measuring internal consistency reliability that involves dividing a test into two halves and correlating the scores on the two halves.
The split-half method/split-half coefficient is a method for measuring internal consistency reliability that involves dividing a test into two halves and correlating the scores on the two halves.
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Cronbach's alpha is a statistical measure of internal consistency reliability that is widely used in research.
Cronbach's alpha is a statistical measure of internal consistency reliability that is widely used in research.
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The Kuder-Richardson formula is used to measure test reliability in terms of instruments of a dichotomous nature, such as yes-or-no tests.
The Kuder-Richardson formula is used to measure test reliability in terms of instruments of a dichotomous nature, such as yes-or-no tests.
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Inter-rater reliability is a measure of the consistency of scores assigned by two or more raters on a certain set of results.
Inter-rater reliability is a measure of the consistency of scores assigned by two or more raters on a certain set of results.
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The Likert scale is a type of five-, seven-, or nine-point agreement scale used to measure respondents' agreement with various statements.
The Likert scale is a type of five-, seven-, or nine-point agreement scale used to measure respondents' agreement with various statements.
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What is the term used for any information that has been collected, observed, generated, or created to validate original research findings?
What is the term used for any information that has been collected, observed, generated, or created to validate original research findings?
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Experimental data is collected through active intervention by the researcher to produce and measure change or create difference when a variable is altered.
Experimental data is collected through active intervention by the researcher to produce and measure change or create difference when a variable is altered.
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Simulation data is generated by imitating the operation of a real-world process or system over time using computer test models.
Simulation data is generated by imitating the operation of a real-world process or system over time using computer test models.
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Derived/Compiled Data involves using existing data points, often from different data sources, to create new data through some sort of transformation, such as an arithmetic formula or aggregation.
Derived/Compiled Data involves using existing data points, often from different data sources, to create new data through some sort of transformation, such as an arithmetic formula or aggregation.
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Data processing involves the organization of the collected information as well as the elimination of unnecessary and problematic ones.
Data processing involves the organization of the collected information as well as the elimination of unnecessary and problematic ones.
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What are the three steps involved in processing data?
What are the three steps involved in processing data?
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Non-prose material is a graphic or visual representation of sets of data or information.
Non-prose material is a graphic or visual representation of sets of data or information.
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Tables are used to classify information using columns and rows.
Tables are used to classify information using columns and rows.
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Graphs are similar to tables, as they merely list down the collected data with respect to a certain category
Graphs are similar to tables, as they merely list down the collected data with respect to a certain category
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Circle graphs, also known as pie graphs, are often used to show the relationship of parts to a whole, usually in percentages and proportions.
Circle graphs, also known as pie graphs, are often used to show the relationship of parts to a whole, usually in percentages and proportions.
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When interpreting graphs, it is important to begin with explaining what the graph is about.
When interpreting graphs, it is important to begin with explaining what the graph is about.
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Intellectual honesty requires that researchers be objective and maintain integrity in their research.
Intellectual honesty requires that researchers be objective and maintain integrity in their research.
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Falsification refers to changing data, while fabrication refers to making up results or data.
Falsification refers to changing data, while fabrication refers to making up results or data.
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The results and discussion section of a research paper should reports and explains the data that you have obtained in your research.
The results and discussion section of a research paper should reports and explains the data that you have obtained in your research.
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The results section should present the data you have collected, but should limit itself to the presentation of facts and key findings.
The results section should present the data you have collected, but should limit itself to the presentation of facts and key findings.
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The discussion section provides the explanation for the results you that you have reported, testing your skills in thinking critically, solving problems, as well as in understanding and explaining phenomena.
The discussion section provides the explanation for the results you that you have reported, testing your skills in thinking critically, solving problems, as well as in understanding and explaining phenomena.
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The conclusion of a research paper discusses the generalizations, deductions, and inferences that can be obtained from the findings.
The conclusion of a research paper discusses the generalizations, deductions, and inferences that can be obtained from the findings.
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The limitations section of a research paper refers to the factors that the researchers fail to control or use and can be addressed by subsequent studies.
The limitations section of a research paper refers to the factors that the researchers fail to control or use and can be addressed by subsequent studies.
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Recommendations are suggestions for future research that aim to address the limitations of the study.
Recommendations are suggestions for future research that aim to address the limitations of the study.
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The summary of a research paper briefly states your major findings that correspond to each of the research questions or objectives.
The summary of a research paper briefly states your major findings that correspond to each of the research questions or objectives.
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Practical implications relate to the issues in real-life contexts that can be addressed through the findings.
Practical implications relate to the issues in real-life contexts that can be addressed through the findings.
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Theoretical implications relate to the issues concerning materials and processes in research.
Theoretical implications relate to the issues concerning materials and processes in research.
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Methodological implications relate to the issues concerning the support, refutation, and supplementation of existing models and concepts in your field of study.
Methodological implications relate to the issues concerning the support, refutation, and supplementation of existing models and concepts in your field of study.
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An abstract is a brief overview of your research paper that typically ranges from 250 words or less.
An abstract is a brief overview of your research paper that typically ranges from 250 words or less.
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Appendices are a compilation of all pertinent document your research paper has, seen after the reference list.
Appendices are a compilation of all pertinent document your research paper has, seen after the reference list.
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In order to ensure the quality of the research, each researcher should provide a recent copy of his or her picture with a white background and paste it on the upper right corner of the paper.
In order to ensure the quality of the research, each researcher should provide a recent copy of his or her picture with a white background and paste it on the upper right corner of the paper.
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When submitting research papers, it is encouraged to provide at least 3 awards per researcher.
When submitting research papers, it is encouraged to provide at least 3 awards per researcher.
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All researchers should have an e-signature above their name to certify that the information provided is true and correct to the best of their knowledge and ability.
All researchers should have an e-signature above their name to certify that the information provided is true and correct to the best of their knowledge and ability.
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Study Notes
Quantitative Research Methodology
- Design: A strategy used to integrate study components logically and consistently.
- Sampling: Selecting a portion of a population for study.
- Instrument: Tools used to collect data, specific to the research topic.
Research Designs
- Descriptive: Collects data systematically about a phenomenon, describing it.
- Correlational: Examines relationships between variables.
- Ex Post Facto: Studies the effects of past events (e.g., historical events).
- Quasi-Experimental: Manipulates a variable without random assignment.
- True/Pure Experimental: Focuses on cause-and-effect, involving manipulation and control of independent variables.
Experimental Designs
- Focus on cause-and-effect relationships.
- Involves manipulating independent variables and measuring dependent variables.
- Includes intervening/extraneous variables (affect outcomes, part of limitations).
- Threats to validity affect the study's internal and external validity.
Threats to Internal Validity
- Selection bias: Non-random subject selection can influence results.
Threats to External Validity
- Experimenter effect: Researcher characteristics affect subject behavior.
- Hawthorne effect: Subjects respond differently due to observation.
- Measurement effect: Pretesting affects post-testing results.
Types of Experimental Designs
- True experimental: Researcher controls independent variables, random assignment to groups.
- Pretest-Posttest controlled group: Subjects randomly assigned to groups, pretest and posttest given, experimental group receives treatment.
- Posttest-only: Subjects randomly assigned to groups, only posttest is given, experimental group receives treatment.
- Solomon-Four: Subjects randomly assigned to four groups, two groups pretested, two groups not.
Non-Experimental Research Designs
- Survey: Collection of data through self-report on attitudes, opinions, perceptions, and behaviors.
- Data collected from a sample to understand the whole population.
Data Collection Methods
- Interview and observation: Gathering data through these methods.
- Questionnaire: Collecting data through structured or unstructured questions.
Types of Questions in Questionnaires
- Recognition: Provides pre-set options for responses.
- Completion: Requires respondents to fill blanks.
- Coding: Assigning numbers to choices or data.
- Subjective: Provides space for respondents' opinions.
- Combination: Combines various question types.
Question Wording
- Questions should be affirmative, unambiguous, and avoid double negatives/barrell questions.
Scales Used in Instruments
- Likert scale: Measures attitudes or opinions.
- Semantic differential scale: Measures meaning or values.
Research Instruments
- Validity: Degree to which an instrument measures what it's intended to measure.
- Face validity (appears to measure what needs to be measured)
- Content validity (represents all elements of the variables)
- Construct validity (measures the variable as a whole)
- Concurrent validity (predicts outcomes similar to existing measures)
- Predictive validity (predicts future outcomes)
- Reliability: Consistency of measurement.
- Test-retest reliability (measures consistency by repeating an instrument)
- Equivalent forms reliability (measures consistency using similar but different instruments)
- Inter-rater reliability (consistency of scores across multiple raters).
Data Processing
- Editing: Checking for accuracy and consistency of data.
- Coding: Classifying data into categories.
- Tabulation: Organizing data into a more concise form.
Data Presentation and Interpretation
- Tables: Show data organized in rows and columns.
- Graphs: Visual representations of data (bar graphs, line graphs, circle graphs).
Steps in Data Processing
- Editing: Checks consistency and accuracy of data.
- Coding: Classifies data.
- Tabulation: Condenses raw data into a more manageable format.
Research Report Components
- Abstract: Overview of the research paper.
- Introduction: Definitions and background about the topic.
- Literature Review: Related research papers.
- Methodology: Research design, sampling, instruments, data collection.
- Results: Data presentation, analyses, and findings.
- Discussion: Interpretation of results, relating to broader context.
- Conclusion: Summary of findings and limitations.
- Recommendations: Actionable advice and suggestions.
- Appendices: Additional materials (e.g. informed consent forms, questionaires, tables, or images).
Limitation of Study
- Factors that may have impacted the study results, which can be addressed in future research.
Recommendations
- Actions or suggestions for future research to address limitations found in the current study.
Conclusion
- Summary of research and implications found across the study.
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Description
Test your knowledge on quantitative research methodology, including design strategies, sampling techniques, and various research designs. This quiz covers key concepts like descriptive and experimental designs, as well as validity threats. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their research skills.
