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Questions and Answers
Which research design involves the manipulation of an independent variable, but lacks random assignment?
Which research design involves the manipulation of an independent variable, but lacks random assignment?
- Non-experimental design
- Pure experiment
- Quasi-experimental design (correct)
- Pre-experimental design
A researcher aims to understand the lived experiences of immigrants in a new country. Which research approach is most suitable?
A researcher aims to understand the lived experiences of immigrants in a new country. Which research approach is most suitable?
- Quantitative
- Correlational
- Experimental
- Qualitative (correct)
Which type of research collects data at a single point in time to describe variables and analyze their interrelation?
Which type of research collects data at a single point in time to describe variables and analyze their interrelation?
- Qualitative research
- Longitudinal research
- Experimental research
- Transactional research (correct)
A researcher wants to study changes in political attitudes over a decade. Which research design is most appropriate?
A researcher wants to study changes in political attitudes over a decade. Which research design is most appropriate?
What is the primary advantage of using sampling in research?
What is the primary advantage of using sampling in research?
In which sampling method does every individual in the population have an equal chance of being selected?
In which sampling method does every individual in the population have an equal chance of being selected?
A researcher selects participants based on their accessibility and willingness to participate. Which sampling method is being used?
A researcher selects participants based on their accessibility and willingness to participate. Which sampling method is being used?
Which sampling method is most appropriate when a researcher needs participants with very specific experiences, but cannot easily find them?
Which sampling method is most appropriate when a researcher needs participants with very specific experiences, but cannot easily find them?
What is the first step a researcher should take when creating a measuring instrument?
What is the first step a researcher should take when creating a measuring instrument?
What is the purpose of codification in the research process?
What is the purpose of codification in the research process?
Which concept refers to the consistency and repeatability of the results obtained by a measuring instrument?
Which concept refers to the consistency and repeatability of the results obtained by a measuring instrument?
What type of validity assesses whether a measuring instrument covers all relevant aspects of the concept being measured?
What type of validity assesses whether a measuring instrument covers all relevant aspects of the concept being measured?
A researcher uses an existing and validated depression scale to establish the validity of a new anxiety scale. What type of validity is being assessed?
A researcher uses an existing and validated depression scale to establish the validity of a new anxiety scale. What type of validity is being assessed?
In statistical analysis, what does 'regression' primarily assess?
In statistical analysis, what does 'regression' primarily assess?
What does 'variability' measure in the context of data analysis?
What does 'variability' measure in the context of data analysis?
If data collected in a study does not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, which type of tests should be used?
If data collected in a study does not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, which type of tests should be used?
What is the primary purpose of 'statistical inference'?
What is the primary purpose of 'statistical inference'?
Which is an example of Nonprobability sampling?
Which is an example of Nonprobability sampling?
What is the correct order in the steps for choosing or creating a measuring instrument?
What is the correct order in the steps for choosing or creating a measuring instrument?
If a study selects individuals at regular intervals from an arranged study population, which sampling method is being employed?
If a study selects individuals at regular intervals from an arranged study population, which sampling method is being employed?
How dose qualitative research explore phenomena?
How dose qualitative research explore phenomena?
When is qualitative research the most suitable approach?
When is qualitative research the most suitable approach?
What is the main focus of transactional research?
What is the main focus of transactional research?
How does longitudinal research differ from transactional research?
How does longitudinal research differ from transactional research?
If a researcher is interested in dividing a population into subgroups before sampling, what method should be used?
If a researcher is interested in dividing a population into subgroups before sampling, what method should be used?
A researcher uses subjects from a previous study to recruit more participants, what tecnique is the researcher using?
A researcher uses subjects from a previous study to recruit more participants, what tecnique is the researcher using?
What is the main goal of turning data collected in research into information?
What is the main goal of turning data collected in research into information?
What is validity in the context of a measuring instrument?
What is validity in the context of a measuring instrument?
If an instrument gives similar results across multiple trials, what characteristic has it?
If an instrument gives similar results across multiple trials, what characteristic has it?
What is codification in data analysis?
What is codification in data analysis?
What is the average deviation of punctuation with respect to the mean?
What is the average deviation of punctuation with respect to the mean?
What statistical method should you use to look for the differences between the means of variables?
What statistical method should you use to look for the differences between the means of variables?
A researcher analyzes patterns in society, what is it using?
A researcher analyzes patterns in society, what is it using?
What type of validity reflects a specific domain of content of what is measured?
What type of validity reflects a specific domain of content of what is measured?
What type of validity compares the test with other measures or outcomes already held for validity?
What type of validity compares the test with other measures or outcomes already held for validity?
What type of validity refers to the extent to which practical tests actually measure what the theory says to do?
What type of validity refers to the extent to which practical tests actually measure what the theory says to do?
What statistical concept describes the difference between the major and minor punctuation in a data set?
What statistical concept describes the difference between the major and minor punctuation in a data set?
Flashcards
Pre-experimental design
Pre-experimental design
Analyzes one variable with minimal control.
Quasi-experimental design
Quasi-experimental design
Includes experiment features, lacks random assignment.
Pure or true experiment
Pure or true experiment
Manipulates independent variables to observe effect.
Design
Design
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Qualitative
Qualitative
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Quantitative
Quantitative
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Transactional research
Transactional research
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Longitudinal research
Longitudinal research
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Population
Population
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Sampling
Sampling
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Probability sampling
Probability sampling
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Nonprobability sampling
Nonprobability sampling
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Simple random group
Simple random group
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Stratified sampling
Stratified sampling
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Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling
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Pseudo-random or Accidental sampling
Pseudo-random or Accidental sampling
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Snowball Sampling
Snowball Sampling
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Empirical or quota sampling
Empirical or quota sampling
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Casual sampling
Casual sampling
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Intentional or convenience sampling
Intentional or convenience sampling
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Data to information
Data to information
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Statistics
Statistics
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Codification
Codification
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Validity
Validity
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Reliability
Reliability
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Correlational
Correlational
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Comparison of means
Comparison of means
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Regression
Regression
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Non-parametric
Non-parametric
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Statistical inference
Statistical inference
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Statistical tests
Statistical tests
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Content validity
Content validity
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Criterial validity
Criterial validity
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Construct validity
Construct validity
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Variability
Variability
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Range
Range
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Standard deviation
Standard deviation
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Study Notes
- Data collected requires processing to transform into information
Research Designs
- Pre-experimental designs analyze a single variable with minimal control
- Quasi-experimental designs contain nearly all components of an experiment, excluding random assignment
- True experiments intentionally manipulate one or more independent variables
Experimental vs Non-Experimental
- Experimental designs include pre, true, and quasi-experiments
- Non-experimental designs include qualitative and quantitative methods
Qualitative Research
- Involves understanding phenomena through the perspectives of participants within a natural setting
- Methods include case studies, journalism, ethnography, and interviews
Quantitative Research
- Uses data collection to validate hypotheses through numerical measurement and statistical analysis
- Methods include focus groups, case studies, and correlation
Types of Research
- Transactional research collects data at a single point in time to describe variables and analyze their relationships
- Longitudinal research analyzes changes in variables over time, collecting data at specific intervals, such as trend, cohort, and panel designs
Population and Sampling
- Population refers to the entire set of elements with common characteristics from which research findings are drawn
- Sampling makes research more efficient, faster, and cheaper
Probability Sampling
- Involves random selection, where each individual has an equal chance of being chosen
Nonprobability Sampling
- Individuals are selected based on researcher's judgment and related factors
- Includes simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling
Nonprobability Sampling Methods
- Simple random sampling gives all elements the same probability
- Stratified sampling divides the population into categories and randomly selects from each category
- Cluster sampling selects individuals from groups or clusters, such as by geography or time
- Systematic sampling arranges the population and selects individuals at regular intervals
Other Sampling Methods
- Pseudo-random sampling selects subjects arbitrarily, like street polls
- Snowball sampling uses existing subjects to recruit new subjects
- Empirical or quota sampling segments the population into mutually exclusive subgroups
- Casual sampling selects the most accessible or voluntary subjects
- Intentional sampling selects subjects with special characteristics
Steps for Creating a Measuring Instrument
- List variables, review definitions, determine operational variables
- Review existing tools and adapt them, indicate measuring range, and plan data codification
Statistics
- A branch of mathematics focused on analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data
- Codification involves converting data into numerical form
Validity
- Validity measures how accurately an instrument measures its intended variable
Reliability
- Reliability ensures consistent results across different experiments or statistical tests
Statistical Tests
- Correlational tests assess associations between variables
- Comparison of means tests analyze the difference between variable means
- Regression assesses if change in one variable predicts change in another
Statistical Tests Considerations
- Non-parametric tests are used when data does not meet parametric assumptions
- Statistical inference draws conclusions from raw data
Validity Types
- Content validity reflects how well an instrument covers the content domain being measured
- Criterial validity compares the instrument against established measures or knowledge
- Construct validity measures the extent to which practical tests measure what the theory intends
Variability Measures
- Variability measures data dispersion on a measurement scale
- Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values, indicating data spread
- Standard deviation is the average deviation with respect to the mean
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