Qualities and Types of Literature

• "Littera" translates to "letters" and refers to the production of the human mind
• Literature can be written works of specific culture, religion, and philosophy

Qualities of Effective Literature

• Permanence: Has a lasting influence that stands the test of time
• Style: Expresses a writer's distinct perspective and ideas
• Suggestiveness: Evokes emotions, stirs imagination, and transcends ordinary experiences
• Universality: Appeals to anyone, anywhere, and remains relevant
• Artistry: Appeals to aesthetic sense or sense of beauty
• Intellectual Value: Stimulates thinking and enriches mental ability
• Spiritual Value: Motivates, inspires, and promotes moral values

Types of Literature

• Prose: Shares information in a straightforward manner
• Poetry: Creates and expresses ideas and feelings through sound and meaning

Kinds of Literature

• Oral: Stories passed down by word of mouth
• Written: Produced using the pen

Types of prose

• Fiction: Includes legends, novels, fables, myths, short stories, and plays
• Non-Fiction: Includes biography, oration, letters, essay, news, diary, autobiography, and diaries or journals

Types of Poetry

• Narrative: Tells stories, such as epics about heroes and ballads meant to be sung
• Lyrics: Expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings
• Dramatic: Reveals stories through characters acting out the poem

Literary Devices

• Persona: The entity speaking or writing in a literary work, reflecting the writer's thoughts
• Tone and Mood: Tone refers to a literary speaker’s attitude toward their listener
• Rhyme: Perfect rhyme shares similar sounds in stressed syllables Perfect rhyme provides pleasure, pleases the ear, and aids memorization
• Rhythm: The beat and pace of a poem
• Figure of Speech: A deviation from ordinary language for rhetorical effect, enhancing clarity and beauty

Figure of Speech cont.

• Symbolism: Uses symbols to represent abstract concepts and attributes, varying from literal meaning
• Imagery: Uses figurative language to appeal to the physical senses and evoke vivid impressions
• Theme: The key message the author conveys about a topic, directly or indirectly

Common Themes

• Love
• Revenge
• Betrayal
• Motherhood
• Forgiveness
• Patriotism

Poetic Forms

• Epic: An extended narrative about heroic exploits, often with supernatural elements
• Ballad: Narrative poems intended to be sung, known for being short and simple
• Elegy: A lyric poem expressing grief and melancholy, often focusing on death
• Folk Songs: Short poems of traditional popular culture intended to be sung

More Poetic forms

• Haiku Follows a Japanese format of 17 syllables arranged in three lines with a 5-7-5 structure
• Comedy Consists of humorous works or discourses intended to amuse
• Ode: A poem of noble feeling, expressed with dignity and without a defined structure
• Sonnet: A 14-line lyric poem dealing with an emotion, feeling, or idea
• Tragedy: Depicts a hero struggling against dynamic forces, facing death or ruin while obtaining satisfaction

More poetic forms

• Psalms (Dalit): Songs praising God or the Virgin Mary, containing philosophical elements
• Awit (Song): Features 12 syllables per line, sung slowly with guitar or bandurria accompaniment
• Corridos (Kuridos): Features 8 syllables per line, recited to a martial beat

Pre-Spanish Period (Year 1564)

• Legends: Narrative prose that aims to entertain and explain the origin of something or an event
• Folk Tales: Narratives about life, quests, love, horror, and comedy that offer lessons
• Epics: Long narrative poems about heroes
• Myths: Describes the origin of basic elements and cultural assumptions through symbolic language

Pre-Spanish Period cont.

• Folk Songs: The oldest type of Philippine culture used to express the hopes, aspirations, and loves of the people
• Epigrams: Salawikain, or laws on good behavior
• Riddles: Bugtong or Palaisipan

Activities

• Chants: Words or phrases repeated rhythmically
• Maxims: Well-known phrases that express a general truth explicitly
• Sayings: Old and well-known phrases that express an idea
• Sawikain: Idioms

Spanish Colonial Period (1564-1898)

• The Philippines was occupied for over 300 years
• Alibata: The earliest Filipino writing system, replaced by the Roman Alphabet

First Books

• The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Christiana): The first Tagalog and Spanish book, published in 1593. Written using Xylography by Fr Juan de Placencia and Fr Domingo
• Libro de los cuatro post primeras de hombre: First book published in typography
• Nuestra Señora Del Rosario: The second book printed in the Philippines, authored by Fr Blancas De San Jose in 1602

First Books cont.

• Ang Barlaan at Josaphat: The first biblical story published in the Philippines with Fr Antonio De Borja translating the book from Greek to Tagalog. Agustin Mejia translated Tagalog to Ilocano
• The Passion: A book narrating the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ
• Urbana at Feliza: Authored by Modesto De Castro, features classic Tagalog prose
• Ang mga dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary): A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary, written in 1865 by Fr Mariano Sevilla

Recreational Plays

• Tibag: A ritual to remind people about the search for Saint Helena
• Lagaylay: A special gathering during the month of May for Pilarenos of Sorsogon
• Cenaculo: A dramatic performance to re-enact the passion and death of Jesus. Cantada is chanted and Hablada has spoken lines
• Panunuluyan: Depicts the search of the Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph for an inn to deliver Jesus

More Recreational Plays

• Salubong: An Easter Sunday play depicting the meeting of the risen Jesus
• Carillo: Shadow play, performed during dark nights
• Zarzuela: A father of drama featuring Musical Comedy or Melodrama
• Sainete: An exaggerated musical comedy depicting characters from the lower class

More recreational plays

• Moro-moro: Performed every fiesta to commemorate Christianity
• Karagatan: Poetic competition. Involves a legend about a princess losing her ring
• Balagtasan: Poetic debate about socially relevant issues. In honor of Francisco Balagtas Baltazar
• Dung-aw: A chant in free verse by a grieving person beside a corpse

American Colonial Period (1910-1945)

• Free instruction for all children of school age was introduced
• English was used as the medium of instruction
• The first teachers were known as Thomasites

Schools and Universities

• 1901: Philippine Normal College, National University, Silliman University, El Colegio de San Beda
• 1902: Negros Oriental High School, Iloilo Normal School

More Schools and Universities

• 1904: St. Paul University, Filamer Christian University, Zamboanga Normal School, Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de Manila
• 1905: Central Philippine University

More Schools and Universities

• 1908: University of the Philippines
• 1914: University of Manila
• 1915: Cebu Normal School
• 1919: Philippine Women's University, Jose Rizal University
• 1925: Mapua Institute
• 1933: Far Eastern University
• 1938: Arellano University
• 1941: San Sebastian College (Recoletos)

Literature

• Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930): Literature was imitated from English and American models
• Period of Emergence (1920-1930): Western literary trends, such as romanticism and realism, influenced writing

Literary Works

• Dead Stars: By Paz Marquez Benitez
• The Small Key: By Paz Latorena
• Footnote to Youth: By Jose Garcia Villa

Newspapers

• El nuevo dia (The New Day): Sergio Osmeña, 1900
• El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation): Pascual Poblete, 1900
• El Renacimiento (The Rebirth): Rafael Palma, 1901

Novels

• Child of Sorrow: By Zoilo Galang. Characteristics of literature during the American Period and written in Tagalog, Spanish, and English

New Filipino Literature

• Poet of the Heart: Iñigo Ed Regalado, Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso S
• Poet of the Laborers: Amado V Hernandez

Regional Literature

• Ilocano Literature: Pedro Bukaneg is recognized as the Father of Ilocano Literature. Claro Caluya is known as the Prince of Ilocano Poets. Leon Pichay is recognized as the Best Bukanegero

More Literature

• Kapampangan Literature: Juan Crisostomo Soto is recognized as the Father of Kapampangan Literature. Aurelio Tolentino is also noted
• Visayan Literature: Eriberto Gumban is recognized as the Father of Visayan Literature. Magdalen Jalandoni wrote the novel "Tunuksa Isa Ka Bulaklak"

Japanese Period (1941-1945)

• The use of the English language was stopped in almost every newspaper
• There was no freedom of speech
• Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance and managed by Kanji Ishiwara