Qualitative Research Methodologies
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Questions and Answers

What is one characteristic of qualitative research?

  • Bias (correct)
  • Focus on numerical data
  • Random samples
  • Statistical analysis

    • Which statement best distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?

  • Qualitative research focuses on in-depth understanding of human behavior. (correct)
  • Qualitative research avoids subjective interpretation.
  • Qualitative research uses large sample sizes.
  • Qualitative research is primarily concerned with numbers.

    • What misunderstanding led to the villagers in South Sudan abandoning the use of bed-nets?

  • They felt the program was too complex to understand.
  • They believed the mosquito population had decreased.
  • They misunderstood the term 'malaria' to include all fevers. (correct)
  • They thought the nets were too costly.

    • Which method could help researchers discover the villagers' true feelings about malaria nets?

    <p>Implementing focus group discussions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'trustworthiness' in qualitative research refer to?

    <p>The authenticity and credibility of research findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the success of the malaria reduction program before the villagers stopped using the nets?

    <p>Clear communication of health benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qualitative research, 'triangulation' is used to...

    <p>Combine different methods to enhance credibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers be skeptical of outsiders in a village study?

    <p>Past negative experiences with external interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of qualitative research?

    <p>Exploration of participants’ experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of approach does qualitative research primarily utilize?

    <p>Broad focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling is characteristic of qualitative research?

    <p>Theoretical sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which setting is qualitative research usually conducted?

    <p>In naturalistic environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many participants are generally involved in qualitative research compared to quantitative research?

    <p>A few detailed contacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions is qualitative research inappropriate for?

    <p>Confirming statistical relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?

    <p>Focus on broad data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes qualitative research?

    <p>It seeks to generate theories from data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using triangulation in studies?

    <p>To reduce bias by using different methods and perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of data triangulation?

    <p>Conducting research at different locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does investigator triangulation involve?

    <p>Incorporating various investigators with unique backgrounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does using different times of the year contribute to triangulation?

    <p>It reduces the potential for seasonal bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of triangulation focuses on varying the methods used in a study?

    <p>Methodological triangulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of actively identifying bias during research?

    <p>It enables better management of bias in future research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might having team members from different backgrounds be beneficial in research?

    <p>It provides diverse perspectives that minimize bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does trust in a person typically indicate in research contexts?

    <p>Consistency in behavior across occasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of peer debriefing in a research study?

    <p>To test working hypotheses and develop next steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes negative case analysis?

    <p>A strategy to find data that contradicts the working hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of member checks in qualitative research?

    <p>To correct errors and gather additional information from participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thick description contribute to transferability in naturalistic studies?

    <p>By providing detailed contextual information for comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does dependability in research primarily refer to?

    <p>The consistency of findings if replicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enhances the dependability of a research report?

    <p>Including operational details of data gathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes purposive sampling from random sampling in naturalistic research?

    <p>It seeks to maximize specific information from selected contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is critical to the method section of a qualitative research report?

    <p>Reflection on the effectiveness of the inquiry process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)?

    <p>To explore how individuals interpret and make sense of their experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher is NOT associated with phenomenological research?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common methodology is utilized in phenomenological research?

    <p>Descriptive and systematic involving bracketing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the sample size in phenomenological research typically small?

    <p>To ensure depth in understanding individual experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes IPA from traditional descriptive phenomenology?

    <p>Engagement in double hermeneutic interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is NOT commonly associated with the applicability of phenomenological research?

    <p>Computer Science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bracketing' refer to in phenomenological research?

    <p>Setting aside personal biases and preconceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of phenomenological methods, what does 'epoché' involve?

    <p>Setting aside all forms of bias during the analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Qualitative Research Methodologies

    • Qualitative research seeks to understand the reasons behind people's thoughts and behaviors through in-depth exploration.
    • It contrasts with quantitative research that focuses on numerical data and the 'what' rather than the 'why' behind phenomena.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe qualitative research.
    • Identify differences between qualitative and quantitative research.
    • Understand core qualitative research concepts, including bias, triangulation, and trustworthiness.

    Case Study: Malaria

    • Researchers identified malaria as a significant concern in a South Sudan village through surveys.
    • Follow-up blood tests confirmed high malaria incidence.
    • Villagers used insecticide-treated bed nets, resulting in a decrease in malaria infections.
    • A later assessment revealed villagers abandoned the nets due to a misunderstanding of what 'malaria' meant.

    Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

    • Qualitative research:
      • Aims to explore participants' experiences.
      • Generates theories from data.
      • Utilizes a broad approach, is process-oriented, and context-bound.
    • Quantitative research:
      • Seeks causal explanations and tests hypotheses.
      • Has a narrow focus and is product-oriented and context-free.

    Sampling Techniques

    • Qualitative research employs purposive and theoretical sampling to gather rich data, adjusting sampling methods as needed.
    • Quantitative research uses randomized sampling to ensure a representative sample.

    Triangulation

    • Triangulation minimizes bias by incorporating various perspectives and methods to enhance data validity.
    • Levels of triangulation include:
      • Data triangulation
      • Investigator triangulation
      • Method triangulation

    Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research

    • Trustworthiness involves dependable behaviors and consistent findings across different contexts.
    • Strategies to enhance trustworthiness:
      • Peer debriefing for external validation.
      • Negative case analysis to identify and examine outliers.
      • Member checks for accuracy by reviewing findings with participants.

    Transferability

    • Transferability relates to the ability to apply qualitative findings to other contexts through thick descriptions and purposeful sampling.
    • Emphasizes detailed context-specific information to guide readers in making comparative judgments.

    Consistency and Dependability

    • Dependability ensures that findings can be replicated under similar conditions.
    • A robust research report includes:
      • Clear research design and implementation strategies.
      • Detailed operational data gathering processes.
      • Reflective appraisals of inquiry effectiveness.

    Sample Size and Applicability

    • Qualitative studies typically use small sample sizes to achieve depth in understanding participants' experiences.
    • Common in disciplines like psychology, health studies, and social sciences.

    Research Methodologies

    • Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA):
      • Focuses on participants' sense-making within personal and social contexts.
    • Phenomenological Research:
      • Describes the essence of lived experiences while aiming to set aside researcher biases.

    Key Researchers and Philosophical Foundations

    • IPA is rooted in phenomenology, referencing influential theorists like Jonathan Smith and Michael Larkin.
    • Phenomenological research connects to founders such as Edmund Husserl and Merleau-Ponty.

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    Description

    This quiz explores qualitative research methodologies, focusing on understanding the motivations behind behaviors through in-depth exploration. It contrasts qualitative and quantitative research, detailing key concepts such as bias, triangulation, and trustworthiness. A case study on malaria highlights the practical application of these methods.

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