Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is meant by 'thick description' in ethnographic research?
What is meant by 'thick description' in ethnographic research?
Which of the following best describes triangulation in ethnographic research?
Which of the following best describes triangulation in ethnographic research?
What is one of the primary challenges associated with ethnographic research?
What is one of the primary challenges associated with ethnographic research?
How can researchers practice reflexivity according to the content provided?
How can researchers practice reflexivity according to the content provided?
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What is a major strength of ethnographic research?
What is a major strength of ethnographic research?
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What is one major strength of participatory action research?
What is one major strength of participatory action research?
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Which of the following is a drawback of participatory action research?
Which of the following is a drawback of participatory action research?
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How does participatory action research aim to achieve social transformation?
How does participatory action research aim to achieve social transformation?
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What process involves presenting data back to participants for validation in participatory action research?
What process involves presenting data back to participants for validation in participatory action research?
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What is a significant challenge faced in participatory action research?
What is a significant challenge faced in participatory action research?
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What is the primary focus of qualitative research?
What is the primary focus of qualitative research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?
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What does the holistic emphasis in qualitative research involve?
What does the holistic emphasis in qualitative research involve?
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In qualitative research, which statement reflects the nature of 'truth' according to the content?
In qualitative research, which statement reflects the nature of 'truth' according to the content?
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How does a researcher's social identity impact their qualitative research?
How does a researcher's social identity impact their qualitative research?
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What is a potential challenge of qualitative research mentioned in the content?
What is a potential challenge of qualitative research mentioned in the content?
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What type of data does qualitative research primarily rely on?
What type of data does qualitative research primarily rely on?
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What aspect is emphasized when a researcher examines their own beliefs and judgments in qualitative research?
What aspect is emphasized when a researcher examines their own beliefs and judgments in qualitative research?
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At what age is informed consent legally valid?
At what age is informed consent legally valid?
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What is a key ethical concern regarding compensation for research participants?
What is a key ethical concern regarding compensation for research participants?
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What distinguishes overt observations from covert observations?
What distinguishes overt observations from covert observations?
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What is an essential characteristic of qualitative research questions?
What is an essential characteristic of qualitative research questions?
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Which method allows for detailed observations and includes the recording of various sensory details?
Which method allows for detailed observations and includes the recording of various sensory details?
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What is a reflexive field note?
What is a reflexive field note?
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What type of research design is characterized by full immersion in a culture-sharing group?
What type of research design is characterized by full immersion in a culture-sharing group?
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Which of the following is a common drawback of observation in qualitative research?
Which of the following is a common drawback of observation in qualitative research?
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What is a key principle of the Nuremberg Code regarding research participants?
What is a key principle of the Nuremberg Code regarding research participants?
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Which ethical principle from the Belmont Report relates to ensuring participants are treated fairly and equitably?
Which ethical principle from the Belmont Report relates to ensuring participants are treated fairly and equitably?
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Which research approach emphasizes storytelling and traditional knowledge systems?
Which research approach emphasizes storytelling and traditional knowledge systems?
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What does the ethical principle of beneficence in the Nuremberg Code require?
What does the ethical principle of beneficence in the Nuremberg Code require?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the four categories of ethics?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the four categories of ethics?
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What aspect of research ethics does the informed consent principle primarily address?
What aspect of research ethics does the informed consent principle primarily address?
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Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of minimizing risks and ensuring potential benefits outweigh the risks?
Which ethical principle emphasizes the importance of minimizing risks and ensuring potential benefits outweigh the risks?
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Which of the following techniques is recognized as a method deeply rooted in traditional knowledge systems?
Which of the following techniques is recognized as a method deeply rooted in traditional knowledge systems?
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Study Notes
Qualitative Research
- Seeks to understand the "how" and "why" behind phenomena
- Relies on words, descriptions and experiences to obtain data
- Focuses on exploring individual perspectives, experiences, beliefs
- Views 'truth' as relative, acknowledging multiple realities and shifting perspectives
- Emphasizes theory development, rich descriptions, and exploration of meaning
- Incorporates a holistic approach, studying individuals, groups, and cultures in natural settings
- Acknowledges lack of objectivity and challenges in generalizability, access, and time commitment
- Contrasts with quantitative research, which emphasizes large-scale numerical data for predicting and generalizing trends
Epistemology
- Recognizes the researcher's role in shaping the research process
- Emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and reflecting on personal biases, assumptions, beliefs, and social identities
- Encourages researchers to consider how their background influences their research questions, data interpretations, and overall approach
Critical Approaches
- Addresses the influence of power and inequality in shaping the world
- Includes feminist theories, poststructuralism, critical race theory, and Indigenous approaches
- Emphasizes the use of historical knowledge systems like storytelling, dancing, sharing circles, and personal stories
Ethics
- Govern ethical standards for scientific researchers
- Aim to protect the dignity, rights, and welfare of research participants
- Aligned with universal human rights principles
Nuremberg Code
- Established in 1947, outlines ethical guidelines for human experimentation
- Emphasizes:
- Voluntary consent
- Informed consent
- Beneficence
- Risk minimization
- Right to withdraw
The Belmont Report
- A foundational document for ethical research
- Establishes 3 core principles:
- Autonomy/Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
4 Categories of Research Ethics
- Procedural:
- Requires researchers to articulate:
- The purpose and significance of their project
- How they will minimize harm to participants
- Their data management practices
- Requires researchers to articulate:
- Privacy:
- Emphasizes anonymity and confidentiality
- Power:
- Recognizes power dynamics between researchers and participants
- Payment and Gifts:
- Addresses potential ethical concerns related to compensating participants
Consent and Assent
- Informed Consent:
- Required at the age of 18
- Participants and parents must understand the research process
- Assent:
- Agreement by individuals under the age of 18 who are not legally competent to give informed consent
- Requires parental notification
Ethical Issues with Compensation
- Concerns that compensation could influence participants' motivations and potentially affect the accuracy of their responses
Observations
- A method used in qualitative research
- Involves observing participants in non-experimental settings
- Requires researchers to record detailed observations
Determining the Research Question
- Emphasizes open-ended questions
- Examples:
- What are the lived experiences of...
- What does it mean to be...
- How do children make sense of...
Types of Observations
- Overt:
- Subjects are aware they are being observed
- Participants provide consent or assent
- Types:
- Naturalistic
- Structured
- Covert:
- Subjects are unaware of being observed
- Non-participatory
- Raises ethical concerns related to deception
- Mulhall (2023) suggests exploring justifications for deception
Field Notes
- Detailed, methodological, and immediate recordings of observations
- Include descriptive notes, reflective notes, and interviews
- Capture:
- Images
- Actions
- Words
- Sounds
- Smells
- Emphasize reflexivity in field notes:
- Descriptive notes: Factual data, actions, behaviors
- Reflexive notes: Thoughts, questions, ideas, concerns
Ethnography
- A multifaceted methodology that combines qualitative methods
- Involves full immersion in a culture-sharing group
- Explores "What is going on here?"
- Meloni (2020) highlights the collaborative potential of ethnography, particularly with marginalized groups
Colonialism and Ethnography
- Acknowledges the historical embeddedness of ethnography within colonialism
- Emphasize the need to consider the power dynamics between researcher and the "other"
- Raise questions about the ethics of studying cultures that one is not a part of
Ethnographic Strengths
- Provides deep immersion in the world of the community/people being researched
- Offers detailed contextualization of lived experiences
- Places a high value on relationship-building
Ethnographic Challenges
- Time-consuming
- Blurring of boundaries between researcher and participant
- Contextual considerations
- Ethical complexities
- Potential for difficult emotions in the field (Meloni, 2020)
Key Terms in Ethnographic Research
- Thick Description:
- Elaborations on mundane details of the field or research site to provide contextual understanding
- Triangulation:
- Uses multiple methods and sources to verify inferences drawn from data
- Audit Trail:
- Allows readers to trace the research process and follow its steps
- Enhances validity and reliability of the research
Reflexivity
- Qualitative research is inherently subjective
- Emphasizes self-awareness and consideration of the researcher's role in the research process
- Requires researchers to reflect on their own biases and assumptions
- Examines how background, values, beliefs, attitudes, and positionality impact research and data interpretation
- Encourages turning "the mirror on yourself"
How to Practice Reflexivity
- Use a research journal
- Engage in pre-set reflexivity questions
- Utilize creative journaling
- Acknowledge the personal nature of reflexivity work
Interviews
- A one-on-one data collection method
- Gathers in-depth information about experiences, opinions, and behaviors
- Guided by participant responses, shifting power dynamics between researcher and participant
Strengths of Interviews
- Reduce potential for group influence
- Allow for a more in-depth understanding of individual experiences
Drawbacks of Interviews
- Can be demanding for the researcher (requires attentiveness to both verbal and non-verbal communication)
- Researchers have less control over the direction of the interview
- Raises concerns related to confidentiality, anonymity, and individual discomfort during the interview process
Focus Groups
- Emphasize shared experience, identity, history or common goal
- Strengthens the collective voice of participants
- Offers opportunities for building support within the group
Drawbacks of Focus Groups
- Demand extensive attentiveness to non-verbal communication
- Less control for the researcher
- Potential for individual discomfort
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
- Research done "in action," emphasizing collaboration, connection, and participation
- Participants actively involved throughout the entire research process
- Aims to empower oppressed groups and facilitate social transformation
Empowerment in PAR
- Centers the lived experiences of participants
- Focuses on improving the lives of participants, particularly by addressing inequalities
Benefits of PAR
- Fosters a sense of collaboration and engagement
- Contributes to social change
- Meaningful to participants
Challenges of PAR
- Shifts power away from the researcher
- Places high demands on time and engagement
- Achieving "action" is complex
- Raises potential ethical complications
Member Checks
- Present data, interpretations, themes, and areas of confusion to participants involved in the original data collection
- Provides opportunities for participants to revise or clarify earlier statements
- Ensures that researchers are not misinterpreting statements/data
- Strengthens the validity of the research project
- Can be a formal or informal process
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Description
Explore the key concepts and principles of qualitative research and epistemology in this insightful quiz. Understand the nuances of exploring individual perspectives, the importance of personal biases, and the holistic approach to studying phenomena. Test your knowledge of how qualitative methods contrast with quantitative research.
