Indigenous Studies Key Terms
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What was the purpose of the military alliances formed between the French and Indigenous groups?

  • To facilitate Indigenous autonomy and governance.
  • To promote intertribal warfare among Indigenous nations.
  • To protect French colonial interests and enhance trade and warfare strategies. (correct)
  • To convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity.

    • Which Indigenous group was notably allied with Samuel de Champlain?

  • Sioux Nation.
  • Iroquois Confederacy.
  • Huron-Wendat. (correct)
  • Apache Tribe.

    • What was a significant issue with the Jesuit Relations?

  • They misrepresented Indigenous cultures to align with European Christian values. (correct)
  • They provided an accurate depiction of Indigenous lifestyles.
  • They were written in Indigenous languages.
  • They were solely focused on the fur trade.

    • What does Bill C-31 aim to address?

    <p>Gender discrimination in the Indian Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes enfranchisement?

    <p>A process encouraging Indigenous peoples to assimilate and lose their Indian status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Indigenous peoples in the fur trade with French settlers?

    <p>They actively engaged and some were enslaved, especially in warfare contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period does the unit discussing government policy focus on?

    <p>French/British to Canadian Indian Policy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Tecumseh?

    <p>A notable leader and warrior of the Shawnee people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason behind the Crown's reluctance to recognize the Métis?

    <p>Concern over unsettled land claims and treaty rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the Manitoba Act pertains to land grants for Métis families?

    <p>Section 31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 'Logic of Elimination' aim to achieve regarding Indigenous societies?

    <p>Integrate Indigenous societies into colonial culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Powley Test in relation to the Métis?

    <p>It was a legal interpretative test for hunting and fishing rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Annie Bannatyne play in the Métis community?

    <p>She contributed to early Métis activism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Royal Proclamation affect Indigenous land rights over time?

    <p>It was progressively ignored or undermined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Métis Flag symbolize?

    <p>Unity among Métis people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the Inuit relocations conducted by the Canadian government?

    <p>Displacement and significant social disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the British North America Act of 1867?

    <p>To establish the legislative framework for the relationship with Indigenous peoples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant recommendation did the Davin Report make in 1879?

    <p>To create residential schools to assimilate Indigenous children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period were the Pre-Confederation Treaties established?

    <p>1700s to 1867.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common outcome for Indigenous peoples regarding the Early British Land Treaties?

    <p>Their land rights were often disregarded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the Post-Confederation Land Treaties?

    <p>To secure land for settlers and provide compensation to Indigenous nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alliance was formed during the War of 1812?

    <p>The British and Indigenous allies against the Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the time frame for the Numbered Treaties negotiated by Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government?

    <p>1871 to 1921.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Beringia' refer to?

    <p>A land bridge that connected Asia and North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were primarily involved in the agreements outlined in the Pre-Confederation Treaties?

    <p>Indigenous peoples and the British Crown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Coppers in Northwest Coast cultures?

    <p>To symbolize wealth and status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes pit houses?

    <p>Semi-subterranean homes for cold regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Coastal Migration Theory suggests that early inhabitants of the Americas arrived by:

    <p>Following the coastlines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Angakoks play in Indigenous Arctic communities?

    <p>They serve as spiritual healers and leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Kaianeraserakowa promote?

    <p>Peace, unity, and governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Clovis First Hypothesis claims that:

    <p>The Clovis culture was the first to inhabit the Americas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Travois primarily used for?

    <p>Transporting goods and tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Six Nations Confederacy?

    <p>To create a political and social alliance for mutual defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Potlatch' refer to?

    <p>A gift-giving feast practiced by Indigenous peoples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the Thule people develop their culture?

    <p>Circa 1000-1600 CE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the early contact between the Mi'kmaq people and European settlers?

    <p>Formation of alliances for trade and mutual defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Great Law of Peace emphasize?

    <p>Peace, unity, and governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Indigenous nation was involved in contact with the French in the early 1600s?

    <p>Mi'kmaq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the location of the Six Nations Confederacy?

    <p>Northeastern United States and parts of Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable aspect of Haudenosaunee contact with Europeans?

    <p>Alliances and trade, along with conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the residential school system in Canada?

    <p>To forcibly assimilate Indigenous children into European norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act, along with the Indian Act, aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples into settler society?

    <p>The Gradual Civilization Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept from the Diné worldview signifies resilience and inner strength?

    <p>Dinjii Zhuh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group, besides First Nations, faced challenges in residential schools?

    <p>Métis and Inuit children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a contentious issue related to residential schools concerning parental rights?

    <p>Parents had little ability to visit or maintain a connection with their children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the Sixties Scoop related to the residential school system?

    <p>It involved the removal of Indigenous children from their families for assimilation purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Tommy Prince?

    <p>A famous Indigenous soldier and advocate for Indigenous rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event does Indigenous Veterans Day commemorate?

    <p>The contributions of Indigenous peoples in the military.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Indigenous Studies Key Terms

    • Method: Indigenous research emphasizes integrating Indigenous ways of knowing and doing, like community engagement, oral traditions, and participatory action, contrasting traditional Western methods.
    • Methodology: Indigenous methodologies prioritize collaboration, relationship-building, and decolonization.
    • Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding experiences, cultures, and lives of Indigenous peoples through interviews, storytelling, and narrative methods.
    • Quantitative Research: Utilizes numbers and statistics to study issues like land use, health, and demographics within Indigenous communities.
    • Insurgent Research Methodology: Empowering Indigenous communities through community-driven research agendas, challenging colonial research frameworks.
    • Tribal Epistemology: Understanding Indigenous knowledge systems, including spiritual beliefs, oral histories, traditions, and community-specific worldviews.
    • Ontology: Understanding existence in Indigenous contexts, relating it to nature, community, and spirituality as interconnected.
    • Axiology: Indigenous values concerning respect for living things, reciprocal relationships, and communal well-being.
    • Indigenous: Refers to original inhabitants of a region with specific cultural, historical, and spiritual ties to the land.
    • First Nations: Diverse Indigenous peoples in Canada, excluding Métis and Inuit, with unique cultures, languages, and histories.
    • Métis: A distinct Indigenous group in Canada with mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, possessing their own language (Michif) and cultural practices.
    • Inuit: Indigenous peoples of Arctic regions (Canada, Greenland, and Alaska), with distinct cultures, languages, and histories.
    • Aboriginal: Broad term for Indigenous peoples of Canada (includes First Nations, Métis, and Inuit).
    • Native American: Indigenous peoples of the United States, encompassing various tribes and nations with unique cultural identities.
    • Kelp Forest: Underwater forests in coastal areas, significant in many Indigenous cultures, providing food, resources, and medicine.
    • Beringia: Land bridge connecting Asia and North America during the Ice Age, a believed migration route for ancestors of Native Americans.
    • Angakoks (Shaman): Indigenous spiritual healers and leaders, particularly in Inuit and other northern communities.
    • Coppers: Metal plates in Northwest Coast cultures, often symbols of wealth, status, or used for ceremonial purposes.
    • Kaianeraserakowa (Great Law of Peace): Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) constitution, promoting peace, unity and governance.
    • Travois: Indigenous frame used for transporting goods and tools, often attached to horses or dogs.
    • Pit Houses: Semi-subterranean homes in cold regions, providing insulation.

    Key Topics in Unit 2: Origins, World Views & Culture

    • Coastal Migration Theory: Theory suggesting migration to Americas along coastlines, approximately 15,000 years ago.
    • Bering Strait Theory: Theory suggesting migration across Bering Strait during the Ice Age when sea levels were lower, approximately 20,000-12,000 years ago.
    • Clovis First Hypothesis: Theory regarding the Clovis culture as the first inhabitants of the Americas, around 13,000 years ago.
    • Six Nations Confederacy Indigenous nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora.

    Key Topics in Unit 3: Perspectives on First Contact with Europeans

    • Potlatch: Gift-giving feast practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, signifying wealth and social status.
    • Great Law of Peace: Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy constitution, focusing on peace, unity, and governance.
    • Many Lodges Gathering: Likely a cultural or ceremonial gathering of Indigenous groups, symbolizing unity and shared customs.
    • Thule Period: Time period (circa 1000-1600 CE) when the Thule people, ancestors of modern Inuit, developed their culture in the Arctic.
    • People of the Dawn: Term sometimes used for the Indigenous peoples of northeastern Americas or first humans.

    Key Topics in Unit 4: The Changing Relationships During the Fur Trade

    • North West Company: Major fur trading company in Canada, competing with Hudson's Bay Company.
    • Hudson's Bay Company: Powerful fur trading company in Canada.
    • Mackenzie Inuit: Inuit groups involved in fur trade in the Mackenzie region of Canada.
    • Wattap: Likely a trade or hunting equipment.
    • George Bonga: Prominent mixed-heritage fur trader, influential in the North West Company.

    Key Topics in Unit 5: Indigenous-Colonial Wars

    • Beaver War Thesis: Theory suggesting wars between Indigenous nations, primarily in the 17th century, were driven by fur trade competition.
    • Pemoussa: Significant historical or cultural figure in some Indigenous communities (requires further research for specifics).
    • Fox Wars: Conflicts between the Fox (Meskwaki) and French colonizers related to territorial and trading disputes (1712-1733).
    • Iroquois War: Conflicts amongst Iroquois Confederacy and other Indigenous groups with French colonies and Europeans related to land rights and trade routes (17th century).
    • Mi'kmaq Wars: Conflict between Mi'kmaq and British colonizers involving land and resource control (1749-1761).
    • Denonville Expedition French military campaign to weaken the Iroquois Confederacy and protect settlements.

    Key Topics in Unit 6: Government Policy Period: French/British to Canadian Indian Policy

    • Enfranchisement: Policy encouraging Indigenous peoples to give up Indian status to become full citizens (resulting in loss of land rights).
    • John Brandt: A historical figure associated with Indigenous or colonial history (requires further details).
    • Wabasha: A leader or notable figure in an Indigenous tribe (requires further details).
    • Tecumseh: Shawnee leader who united Indigenous confederacies to resist settler encroachment.
    • Royal Proclamation: Issued in 1763 by King George III to establish guidelines for European settlement in North America, recognizing Indigenous land rights.
    • Gradual Enfranchisement Act: Policy aimed at assimilating Indigenous peoples by encouraging them to relinquish their Indigenous status.
    • Manitoba Act: Act that created the province of Manitoba in 1870 aiming to address Métis land rights following Red River Resistance.

    Key Topics in Unit 7: The Métis Period: Métis Identity, Repression & Resistance

    • Section 31 of the Manitoba Act: Section of the act that granted land to Métis families.
    • Section 32 of the Manitoba Act: Related to the rights and protections for Métis land holdings.
    • "Logic of Elimination": Colonial mindset to erase Indigenous cultures through policies.
    • Métis: Distinct Indigenous group with mixed European/Indigenous ancestry, language (Michif), and culture.
    • Powley Test: Legally determining rights of Métis people to fish and hunt.
    • Capote: Traditional Métis fur trading coat.
    • Métis Flag: Symbol representing Métis unity.
    • Annie Bannatyne: Important Métis figure in 19th-century Métis activism.
    • Dorothy Chartrand: Important Métis leader/activist in 20th-century Manitoba.
    • Victoria Calihoo: Important Métis women figure resisting assimilation 19th and 20th century.
    • Louis Riel: Métis leader, founder of Manitoba, led the Red River and North-West Rebellions (1844-1885).
    • Victory of Frog Plain (Battle of Seven Oaks): Battle between Métis and Red River settlers over fur trade and land rights.

    Key Topics in Unit 8: Land Dispossession: Treaties & Scrip

    • Treaty Right: Right guaranteed by agreement (treaty) between Indigenous peoples and the Crown.
    • Treaty Adhesion: Joining existing treaties by Indigenous groups.
    • Two-Row Wampum: Symbolic treaty agreement representing peaceful co-existence.
    • Pre-Confederation Treaties: Treaties outlining agreements between Indigenous peoples and British Crown before Confederation in 1867.
    • Early British Land Treaties: Early land agreements in which Indigenous peoples ceded land to British.
    • Post-Confederation Land Treaties: Treaties negotiated after Confederation in 1867, including numbered treaties in Canada.
    • War of 1812: Conflict between British and Indigenous allies and Americans involving Indigenous groups allied with Britain.

    Key Topics in Unit 9: Residential School Period, History & Reflections of First Nations, Métis & Inuit

    • Residential Schools: Institutions aimed at assimilating Indigenous children (Catholic, Anglican, etc).
    • Pass System: Policy requiring Indigenous peoples to obtain permission before leaving reserves.
    • Chief Shingwauk: Important Anishinaabe leader advocating for Indigenous rights in education.
    • Recollets: Early French missionaries.
    • Thomas Moore: Individual in colonial or Indigenous history (requires further details).
    • Duncan Campbell Scott: Canadian civil servant influential in establishing residential schools and assimilation policies.
    • "A National Crime": Description of residential school system as deliberated attempt to erase Indigenous culture.
    • Harper Apology: Apology by Prime Minister Stephen Harper for residential schools' harm.

    Key Topics in Unit 10: Repression & Resistance Period: Resistance Grows & Organizes

    • Tommy Prince: Métis soldier, advocate for Indigenous veterans' rights.
    • Indigenous Veterans Day: Day recognizing Indigenous military contributions.
    • Charlotte Edith Monture: Indigenous woman, notable military service during WWII.
    • Mary Greyeyes: First Indigenous woman in Canadian Armed Forces during WWII.
    • Forgotten Soldiers: Indigenous veterans overlooked.
    • Bill C-51: Canadian law prohibiting Indigenous participation in subversive activities.
    • Forgotten People: Indigenous peoples, marginalized in historical accounts.
    • Natural Resources Transfer Agreement: Canadian government's transfer of prairie province resource control to provincial governments.
    • Lt. Frederick O. Loft: First Nations Soldier and activist.
    • Little Ice Age: Period of cooler global temperatures impacting Indigenous agriculture (Northern Hemisphere).
    • Northwest Resistance (1885): Métis and Indigenous resistance against Canadian Government policies impacting Indigenous land rights in the Saskatchewan region.

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