Qualitative Data Collection Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key assumptions of the case study method?

  • The assumption of comprehensive study of the unit concerned. (correct)
  • The assumption of variability in human nature.
  • The assumption of subjective interpretations of behavior.
  • The assumption of fixed outcomes in behavior.

    • What was the percentage increase in higher education enrollment from 2020-21 to 2021-22?

  • 4.5%
  • 4.1%
  • 4.3%
  • 4.6% (correct)

    • What is the main advantage of conducting an unstructured interview?

  • It strictly follows an interview schedule.
  • It yields a good amount of information with flexibility. (correct)
  • It facilitates statistical analysis.
  • It provides high comparability of data.

    • Which type of data is collected directly from primary sources?

    <p>Primary data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of interview does the interviewer have the freedom to explore reasons and motives?

    <p>Focused interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a questionnaire?

    <p>A form used for collecting factual information self-reported by respondents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of in-depth interviews?

    <p>They involve extensive probing and open-ended questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research are unstructured interviews particularly suitable for?

    <p>Exploratory or formulative research studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the employment percentage in India in 2022-23 according to the provided data?

    <p>56%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an interview guide play in in-depth interviews?

    <p>It helps to pace the interview and make it systematic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes secondary data from primary data?

    <p>Secondary data is obtained from second-hand sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of focused interviews?

    <p>Development of hypotheses or exploration of specific occurrences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a schedule, who collects the responses?

    <p>The investigator during an interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge faced by interviewers in unstructured interviews?

    <p>Requirement for deep knowledge and greater skill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as 'facts or information, which are especially examined and used to find out things and make decisions'?

    <p>Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are in-depth interviews ideally conducted?

    <p>Face to face, with some exceptions for phone interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using a fixed response questionnaire?

    <p>Easily scored and coded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questionnaire requires respondents to provide short or lengthy answers?

    <p>Open-ended questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a disadvantage of mail questionnaires?

    <p>Nonresponse from the respondent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a closed form questionnaire?

    <p>Contains a fixed number of response choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common disadvantage of open-ended questionnaires?

    <p>Difficult to analyze objectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assumption is necessary when utilizing fixed response questionnaires?

    <p>Target sample is sufficiently informed about the subject matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods avoids the influence of interviewers?

    <p>Mail questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a specific disadvantage of face-to-face administered questionnaires?

    <p>Potential for interviewer bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main purposes of using the observation method?

    <p>To capture and study human behaviour as it actually happens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of observation involves explicit procedures and logic of scientific inference?

    <p>Systematic Observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of nonparticipant observation?

    <p>It captures behavior without any intervention from the observer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of participant observation?

    <p>It may affect the validity of the data due to human involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two general classes of behavior observation?

    <p>Actual and Remembered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a rating scale in behavior observation?

    <p>To assess the impressions made by objects or persons upon the raters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a strength of nonparticipant observation?

    <p>It allows for more reliable and representative observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of observing behavior in a laboratory setting?

    <p>It typically captures dynamic social interactions poorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of questionnaires compared to schedules?

    <p>Questionnaires can be completed without assistance from the sender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a disadvantage of using questionnaires?

    <p>They tend to have a high rate of non-response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using schedules over questionnaires?

    <p>Schedules ensure that the identity of respondents is known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not contribute to the higher cost of data collection using schedules?

    <p>Mailing the responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario can schedules be preferred over questionnaires?

    <p>When responses are needed quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of questionnaires can lead to bias due to non-response?

    <p>High rates of non-completion of questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using the questionnaire method in terms of respondents?

    <p>It requires respondents to have literacy skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue is more prevalent when using schedules compared to questionnaires?

    <p>Interviewer bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred maximum number of intervals on a rating scale?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a Numerical Rating Scale?

    <p>A scale with numerical anchors representing varying levels of agreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage does the Graphic Rating Scale offer?

    <p>It has no numerical anchors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the Percentage Rating method?

    <p>It may be influenced by individual differences in rater generosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scale asks raters to name someone high on the trait being evaluated?

    <p>Standard Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor should be considered when defining traits in a rating scale?

    <p>Traits should be defined with specific instances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Graphic Rating Scale?

    <p>It takes more time and labor to score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are standard scales particularly useful?

    <p>When comparing individuals against established standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Qualitative Data Collection Methods

    • Qualitative research is grounded in the assumption that individuals construct social reality through meanings and interpretations.
    • Qualitative data is descriptive and typically in a narrative form, rather than numerical.
    • Qualitative data can be statistically analyzed after processing and classification into categories.

    Qualitative Data Collection Techniques

    • Observation: A method for collecting first-hand data on behaviours, processes, or interactions.

      • Structured observation: Uses pre-defined units, recording methods, standardized conditions, and selection criteria.
      • Unstructured observation: Conducted without pre-defined criteria, allowing flexibility in observation.
      • Participant observation: Researcher is involved in the situation being observed, playing a role in the group.
      • Non-participant observation: Researcher observes from a distance without becoming part of the group.
      • Controlled observation: Data collection following a specific plan, often involving experimental procedures.
      • Uncontrolled observation: Data collection in natural conditions without any stimulation.

    • Interview: A method for collecting data through oral-verbal questioning.

      • Structured interview: Uses standardized sets of questions in a planned sequence.
      • Unstructured interview: Uses open-ended questions to explore issues or topics.
      • Semi-structured interview: Uses a combination of structured and unstructured elements, providing flexibility.

    • Focus groups: Used for gathering data through group discussion.

      • A gathering of 8-12 people who share characteristics relevant to the study.
      • Useful for generating new ideas, identifying and defining problems.

    • Case study: An in-depth analysis of a single social unit or multiple units.

      • Observations, records, and complete detail is used to study the interrelations among factors.

    • Document studies: Analyze existing records (e.g., documents, reports, minutes of meetings, etc.) to gain insights about settings or groups.

    • Key informants: Skilled individuals with unique knowledge about the topic of the study to gain insights and perspectives.

    • Performance assessment: Examining the performance of participants as a means of evaluating an issue or a project.

    Questionnaire and Schedules

    • Questionnaire: A list of questions that the respondent answers in written form.

    • Schedule: A list of questions that an interviewer asks the respondent verbally.

    • Advantages of questionnaires: Cheap, less time consuming, larger sample size.

    • Disadvantages of questionnaires: High non-response rate, potential inaccuracies, difficulty in addressing complex issues, can’t address complex issues.

    • Advantages of schedules: Can clarify complex issues with respondent, lower non-response rate, obtain additional background data.

    • Disadvantages of schedules: More costly, time-consuming, interviewer bias, possible respondent discomfort, potential respondent bias.

    Other Qualitative Data Collection

    • Content analysis:

      • The analysis of documents (e.g., books, magazines)
      • A simple level - focusing on easily countable characteristics.
      • A subtle level - uncovering hidden meanings or interpretations.

    • Sociometry: A technique of measuring relationships among people in a group

    • Pre-testing: Testing questionnaires or schedules on a sample to ensure they are effective and understood by respondents.

    Types of Rating Scales

    • Numerical Rating Scale (Numerical Anchors): Uses numbers for rating (e.g., 1-9 scale).
    • Graphic Rating Scales: Visual scale with descriptive cues.
    • Percentage Rating Scales: Percentage intervals for rating.
    • Standard Scale (Man-to-Man): Participants rank others based on specific traits.
    • Standard Scale (Portrait Matching): Participants match descriptions with individuals.
    • Cumulative Point Scales: Ratings summarized for a profile.

    Factors Affecting Effective Rating

    • Characteristics of raters
    • Trait definition and characteristics of the person being rated.
    • Rater training and procedure.

    Interview Method

    • A method for collecting data through oral-verbal questioning.
    • Formal interviews: Uses standardized, prepared questions in a pre-set order.
    • Informal interviews: Uses open-ended, conversational questioning.
    • Advantages of interview: Flexibility, increased validity, understanding, control over the situation, checks on responses.
    • Disadvantages of interviews: Costly, time consuming, interviewer bias.
    • Main Functions of interviews: Description, exploration,

    Types of Interview

    • Both formal and informal interviews have benefits depending on the objective of the study.
    • Flexibility is an advantage of informal interviews.

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    Related Documents

    Qualitative Data Collection Methods and Devices PDF

    Description

    Explore the various qualitative data collection methods in this quiz. Learn about techniques like structured and unstructured observation, and understand how qualitative research shapes our understanding of social reality. Assess your knowledge on the fundamental aspects of data collection in qualitative research.

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