Qualitative Data Collection Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the key assumptions of the case study method?

  • The assumption of comprehensive study of the unit concerned. (correct)
  • The assumption of variability in human nature.
  • The assumption of subjective interpretations of behavior.
  • The assumption of fixed outcomes in behavior.

What was the percentage increase in higher education enrollment from 2020-21 to 2021-22?

  • 4.5%
  • 4.1%
  • 4.3%
  • 4.6% (correct)

What is the main advantage of conducting an unstructured interview?

  • It strictly follows an interview schedule.
  • It yields a good amount of information with flexibility. (correct)
  • It facilitates statistical analysis.
  • It provides high comparability of data.

Which type of data is collected directly from primary sources?

<p>Primary data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of interview does the interviewer have the freedom to explore reasons and motives?

<p>Focused interview (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a questionnaire?

<p>A form used for collecting factual information self-reported by respondents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of in-depth interviews?

<p>They involve extensive probing and open-ended questions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research are unstructured interviews particularly suitable for?

<p>Exploratory or formulative research studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the employment percentage in India in 2022-23 according to the provided data?

<p>56% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does an interview guide play in in-depth interviews?

<p>It helps to pace the interview and make it systematic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes secondary data from primary data?

<p>Secondary data is obtained from second-hand sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of focused interviews?

<p>Development of hypotheses or exploration of specific occurrences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a schedule, who collects the responses?

<p>The investigator during an interview (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge faced by interviewers in unstructured interviews?

<p>Requirement for deep knowledge and greater skill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as 'facts or information, which are especially examined and used to find out things and make decisions'?

<p>Data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are in-depth interviews ideally conducted?

<p>Face to face, with some exceptions for phone interviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using a fixed response questionnaire?

<p>Easily scored and coded (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of questionnaire requires respondents to provide short or lengthy answers?

<p>Open-ended questionnaire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a disadvantage of mail questionnaires?

<p>Nonresponse from the respondent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a closed form questionnaire?

<p>Contains a fixed number of response choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of open-ended questionnaires?

<p>Difficult to analyze objectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assumption is necessary when utilizing fixed response questionnaires?

<p>Target sample is sufficiently informed about the subject matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods avoids the influence of interviewers?

<p>Mail questionnaire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific disadvantage of face-to-face administered questionnaires?

<p>Potential for interviewer bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of using the observation method?

<p>To capture and study human behaviour as it actually happens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observation involves explicit procedures and logic of scientific inference?

<p>Systematic Observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of nonparticipant observation?

<p>It captures behavior without any intervention from the observer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of participant observation?

<p>It may affect the validity of the data due to human involvement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two general classes of behavior observation?

<p>Actual and Remembered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a rating scale in behavior observation?

<p>To assess the impressions made by objects or persons upon the raters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strength of nonparticipant observation?

<p>It allows for more reliable and representative observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of observing behavior in a laboratory setting?

<p>It typically captures dynamic social interactions poorly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of questionnaires compared to schedules?

<p>Questionnaires can be completed without assistance from the sender. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of using questionnaires?

<p>They tend to have a high rate of non-response. (B), Information is collected slower than with schedules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using schedules over questionnaires?

<p>Schedules ensure that the identity of respondents is known. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not contribute to the higher cost of data collection using schedules?

<p>Mailing the responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario can schedules be preferred over questionnaires?

<p>When responses are needed quickly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of questionnaires can lead to bias due to non-response?

<p>High rates of non-completion of questions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using the questionnaire method in terms of respondents?

<p>It requires respondents to have literacy skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue is more prevalent when using schedules compared to questionnaires?

<p>Interviewer bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred maximum number of intervals on a rating scale?

<p>7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a Numerical Rating Scale?

<p>A scale with numerical anchors representing varying levels of agreement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which advantage does the Graphic Rating Scale offer?

<p>It has no numerical anchors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of the Percentage Rating method?

<p>It may be influenced by individual differences in rater generosity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of scale asks raters to name someone high on the trait being evaluated?

<p>Standard Scale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor should be considered when defining traits in a rating scale?

<p>Traits should be defined with specific instances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the Graphic Rating Scale?

<p>It takes more time and labor to score. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are standard scales particularly useful?

<p>When comparing individuals against established standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary data

Data collected directly by researchers from primary sources.

Secondary data

Data collected from secondary sources like reports or documents.

Questionnaire

A set of questions respondents answer themselves.

Schedule

A form with questions asked and filled by an investigator.

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Data Collection Methods

Process of gathering information for research.

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Focus Groups

Research method combining interviews and observations leveraging group dynamics.

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Case Study Method Assumptions

Key beliefs about human behavior and case study units.

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Raw Data/Scores

Unprocessed values obtained directly from measuring in a study.

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Unstructured Interview

An interview with pre-defined themes, flexible questioning, and no formal schedule. It's suitable for exploratory research.

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Focused Interview

A type of unstructured interview focusing on a specific issue, experience, or event, allowing exploration of reasons and motives.

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In-Depth Interview

A detailed dialogue with an interviewee to gather rich, detailed material about their motivations. Often used in motivational research.

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Interview Guide

A list of questions or issues in an in-depth interview, including follow-up probes.

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Qualitative Data

Information gathered through interviews that focuses on experiences, feelings, and motivations, rather than numbers and measurements.

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Exploratory Research

Research that explores a topic or issue with no preconceived ideas or hypothesis, in order to identify important themes or patterns.

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Comparability (in Interviews)

The degree to which data gathered from one interview can be compared and contrasted to others. Unstructured interviews have low comparability.

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Statistical Analysis

The process of using mathematical methods to analyze data from structured interviews to find patterns or trends. Unstructured interviews are less amenable to statistical analysis.

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Funnel sequence

Starting with broad questions about a topic, then progressively narrowing them down to specific questions.

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Fixed-response questionnaire

A questionnaire with pre-set answer choices (e.g., multiple choice, true/false).

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Fixed-response advantages

Easy scoring, quick, and respondents don't need to write.

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Fixed-response disadvantages

Can't include all possible answers, potential for response bias.

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Open-ended questionnaire

Questionnaire with free-form answers (short or long).

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Open-ended advantages

Beneficial for less-known topics, provides in-depth insights.

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Mail questionnaire

Questionnaire sent to respondents by mail.

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Mail questionnaire disadvantages

Low response rates, ineffective for complex questions, no way to verify answer accuracy.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Cost

Questionnaires are cheaper because they require less labor and only involve preparing and sending the questionnaire. Schedules are more expensive due to hiring and training enumerators.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Response Rate

Questionnaires have higher non-response rates because respondents might not return the questionnaire or answer all questions. Schedules have lower non-response rates because enumerators collect data directly.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Bias

Questionnaires are prone to non-response bias, where the missing data impacts results. Schedules are prone to interviewer bias, where the enumerator influences the responses.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Respondent Identity

In questionnaires, the respondent identity isn't always clear. Schedules ensure the identity of the respondent is known.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Speed

Questionnaires are slower because respondents may delay returning them. Schedules are faster because enumerators collect data directly.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Personal Contact

Questionnaires lack personal contact, relying on mail for communication. Schedules involve direct personal contact between enumerators and respondents.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Literacy

Questionnaires require literate respondents. Schedules can be used with illiterate respondents because enumerators ask the questions directly.

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Questionnaire vs. Schedule: Sample Distribution

Questionnaires allow for wider sample distribution. Schedules face challenges with sending enumerators over a wider area.

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Observation Method

A research technique where researchers observe and record behavior in natural or controlled settings. It involves selecting, recording, and encoding data related to events or interactions that affect behavior.

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Participant Observation

A type of observation where the researcher actively participates in the group being studied, either openly or secretly. This can involve being a member of the group or observing from within the group.

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Disguised Observation

A variation of participant observation where the researcher's identity and purpose are concealed from the group being observed.

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Nonparticipant Observation

A type of observation where the researcher observes the group from a distance or without actively participating in their activities. This is often more structured and pre-planned.

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Rating Scales

A technique used to assess either actual or remembered behavior. This involves rating subjects or objects on a scale with descriptive categories at both ends and sometimes a middle category.

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Stimulus Variable

The object, person, or situation that is being observed or rated in a rating scale.

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Response Options

The different categories or levels on a rating scale that allow someone to express their opinion or judgement.

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Concurrent vs. Retrospective Rating

Concurrent rating describes the behavior as it happens, while retrospective rating assesses the behavior based on memory or past experiences.

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What are the precautions when using rating scales?

When creating rating scales, ensure that each trait is clearly defined with specific examples. Also, keep the scale intervals below 7, focusing primarily on observable traits.

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Numerical Rating Scale

A scale that uses numbers (e.g., 1 to 9) to represent varying levels of agreement or disagreement with a statement.

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Graphic Rating Scale

Uses visuals or descriptive cues (e.g., a line with labeled points) to represent levels of agreement or disagreement.

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Percentage Rating

Assigns respondents to different percentage groups based on their responses, quick but potentially inaccurate.

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Standard Scale

Uses pre-established standards or examples (like a 'model person') to compare respondents to.

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Man to Man Scale

Asks the rater to compare the person being rated to another person they know well, who serves as a reference point.

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Portrait Matching Scale

Uses pictures or written descriptions of people representing different traits, then asks the rater to choose the best match.

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Rating Scale Advantages

Rating scales are quick, easy to administer and score, and can provide useful insights about people's attitudes and behaviors.

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Study Notes

Qualitative Data Collection Methods

  • Qualitative research is grounded in the assumption that individuals construct social reality through meanings and interpretations.
  • Qualitative data is descriptive and typically in a narrative form, rather than numerical.
  • Qualitative data can be statistically analyzed after processing and classification into categories.

Qualitative Data Collection Techniques

  • Observation: A method for collecting first-hand data on behaviours, processes, or interactions.

    • Structured observation: Uses pre-defined units, recording methods, standardized conditions, and selection criteria.
    • Unstructured observation: Conducted without pre-defined criteria, allowing flexibility in observation.
    • Participant observation: Researcher is involved in the situation being observed, playing a role in the group.
    • Non-participant observation: Researcher observes from a distance without becoming part of the group.
    • Controlled observation: Data collection following a specific plan, often involving experimental procedures.
    • Uncontrolled observation: Data collection in natural conditions without any stimulation.

  • Interview: A method for collecting data through oral-verbal questioning.

    • Structured interview: Uses standardized sets of questions in a planned sequence.
    • Unstructured interview: Uses open-ended questions to explore issues or topics.
    • Semi-structured interview: Uses a combination of structured and unstructured elements, providing flexibility.

  • Focus groups: Used for gathering data through group discussion.

    • A gathering of 8-12 people who share characteristics relevant to the study.
    • Useful for generating new ideas, identifying and defining problems.

  • Case study: An in-depth analysis of a single social unit or multiple units.

    • Observations, records, and complete detail is used to study the interrelations among factors.

  • Document studies: Analyze existing records (e.g., documents, reports, minutes of meetings, etc.) to gain insights about settings or groups.

  • Key informants: Skilled individuals with unique knowledge about the topic of the study to gain insights and perspectives.

  • Performance assessment: Examining the performance of participants as a means of evaluating an issue or a project.

Questionnaire and Schedules

  • Questionnaire: A list of questions that the respondent answers in written form.

  • Schedule: A list of questions that an interviewer asks the respondent verbally.

  • Advantages of questionnaires: Cheap, less time consuming, larger sample size.

  • Disadvantages of questionnaires: High non-response rate, potential inaccuracies, difficulty in addressing complex issues, can’t address complex issues.

  • Advantages of schedules: Can clarify complex issues with respondent, lower non-response rate, obtain additional background data.

  • Disadvantages of schedules: More costly, time-consuming, interviewer bias, possible respondent discomfort, potential respondent bias.

Other Qualitative Data Collection

  • Content analysis:

    • The analysis of documents (e.g., books, magazines)
    • A simple level - focusing on easily countable characteristics.
    • A subtle level - uncovering hidden meanings or interpretations.

  • Sociometry: A technique of measuring relationships among people in a group

  • Pre-testing: Testing questionnaires or schedules on a sample to ensure they are effective and understood by respondents.

Types of Rating Scales

  • Numerical Rating Scale (Numerical Anchors): Uses numbers for rating (e.g., 1-9 scale).
  • Graphic Rating Scales: Visual scale with descriptive cues.
  • Percentage Rating Scales: Percentage intervals for rating.
  • Standard Scale (Man-to-Man): Participants rank others based on specific traits.
  • Standard Scale (Portrait Matching): Participants match descriptions with individuals.
  • Cumulative Point Scales: Ratings summarized for a profile.

Factors Affecting Effective Rating

  • Characteristics of raters
  • Trait definition and characteristics of the person being rated.
  • Rater training and procedure.

Interview Method

  • A method for collecting data through oral-verbal questioning.
  • Formal interviews: Uses standardized, prepared questions in a pre-set order.
  • Informal interviews: Uses open-ended, conversational questioning.
  • Advantages of interview: Flexibility, increased validity, understanding, control over the situation, checks on responses.
  • Disadvantages of interviews: Costly, time consuming, interviewer bias.
  • Main Functions of interviews: Description, exploration,

Types of Interview

  • Both formal and informal interviews have benefits depending on the objective of the study.
  • Flexibility is an advantage of informal interviews.

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Qualitative Data Collection Methods and Devices PDF

Description

Explore the various qualitative data collection methods in this quiz. Learn about techniques like structured and unstructured observation, and understand how qualitative research shapes our understanding of social reality. Assess your knowledge on the fundamental aspects of data collection in qualitative research.

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