Quadratic Functions and Parabolas

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Questions and Answers

How does the graph of a non-linear function differ from that of a linear function?

  • Both linear and non-linear functions have graphs that are straight lines.
  • A linear function's graph is a curve.
  • A non-linear function's graph is a curve. (correct)
  • A non-linear function's graph is always a straight line.

Given the non-linear function $P = 25(1.016)^n$ to model Australia's future population, what does 'P' represent?

  • A constant growth factor.
  • The population in thousands.
  • The population in millions. (correct)
  • The number of years after 2020.

According to the model $P = 25(1.016)^n$, what is the estimated population of Australia in the year 2030?

  • 31.72 million
  • 27.07 million
  • 25 million
  • 29.30 million (correct)

If a quadratic function is expressed in the form $y = ax^2 + bx + c$, what term determines whether the parabola opens upwards or downwards?

<p>The 'a' term. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the vertex of a parabola in the context of maximum and minimum problems?

<p>It indicates the point where the function reaches its maximum or minimum value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $y$ when $x$ is zero in the exponential function $y = b(a^x)$?

<p>y = b (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of exponential functions, what does the term 'asymptote' refer to?

<p>A line that the curve approaches but never touches. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the graph of $y = a^x$ differ when $a > 1$ compared to when $0 < a < 1$?

<p>When $a &gt; 1$, the graph is increasing; when $0 &lt; a &lt; 1$, the graph is decreasing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of a reciprocal function that distinguishes it from linear and quadratic functions?

<p>It includes a variable in the denominator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reciprocal function $y = k/x$, what happens to the value of $y$ as $x$ approaches infinity?

<p>y approaches zero (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the relationship where one variable increases as the other decreases?

<p>Inverse variation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $y$ varies directly as $x$, and $y = 10$ when $x = 2$, what is the constant of variation?

<p>5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symmetry does the graph of a simple reciprocal function $y = k/x$ exhibit?

<p>Point symmetry about the origin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that a quadratic function is represented by $y = ax^2 + bx + c$, how does changing the value of 'c' affect the graph?

<p>It shifts the parabola vertically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The height of a ball thrown upwards is described by the quadratic function $h = -5t^2 + 20t + 25$. What does the constant term '25' represent within this context?

<p>The initial height of the ball. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ivy wants to enclose a lamb enclosure using a brick wall as one side and wire fencing for the other three sides. If she has 18 meters of fencing, how would you express the length $y$ in terms of the width $x$?

<p>$y = 9 - \frac{1}{2}x$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the lamb enclosure described in the previous example, how can the area be written in terms of the width $x$?

<p>$A = 9x - \frac{1}{2}x^2$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the constant 'b' affect the graph of an exponential function $y = b(a^x)$?

<p>It stretches or compresses the graph vertically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the y-intercept of an exponential function commonly determined from its equation?

<p>Set x = 0 and solve for y. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An exponential function is used to model the growth of a bacterial colony. If the function is given by $y = 500(1.2)^x$, where $y$ is the number of bacteria and $x$ is time in hours, what does the number 500 represent?

<p>The initial population of bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased frequency of compounding affect an investment's exponential growth?

<p>Increases the overall growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is declining-balance depreciation considered an example of exponential decay?

<p>Because the rate of depreciation decreases over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given an exponential decay function $y = b(a^{-x})$, what happens to the value of $y$ as $x$ becomes increasingly large if $a > 1$?

<p>$y$ decreases towards zero. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a reciprocal function's graph from those of quadratic or exponential functions?

<p>It includes asymptotes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a practical implication of inverse variation as it relates to speed and time?

<p>Increasing speed decreases travel time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the number of users typically affect Internet download speeds, assuming bandwidth is constant?

<p>Speeds decrease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the axes relate to the graph of (y = k/x)?

<p>Both axes are asymptotes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the value of (y) in the equation (y = k/x) as (x) approaches zero?

<p>(y) approaches infinity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two variables exhibit direct variation, how does doubling one variable affect the other?

<p>The other variable is doubled. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a non-linear function models a real-world scenario, what does its graph often help to visualize?

<p>The relationship between variables in the scenario. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine whether a parabola opens upwards or downwards by analyzing the quadratic equation $y = ax^2 + bx + c$?

<p>By the sign of the coefficient $a$. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe a parabola's “vertex,” and what significance does it hold in quadratic functions?

<p>It's the turning point and indicates the maximum or minimum value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If given the exponential function $y = b(a^x)$ and you know that (a) is between 0 and 1, how does the graph behave as (x) increases?

<p>It decreases approaching zero. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's one graphical characteristic that sets apart a reciprocal function (y = k/x) from linear, quadratic, and exponential functions?

<p>It contains asymptotes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the following cases, where is using a quadratic model potentially unsuitable for data when the time ( t ) is greater than 5?

<p>Modeling the height of a ball directly thrown, at time ( t ) seconds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Australia's population is being modeled in the form $P = 25(1.016)^n$, consider the influence of immigration and natural disasters.

<p>Both demonstrate factors that may affect the long-term validity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the properties of each kind of function, where can a parabola be applicable, in terms of usage?

<p>Determining revenue functions based on price and quantity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you are going to plot the speed of vehicles and the accident counts at highways, what kind of graph are you approximately going to produce, with the presence of asymptotes?

<p>Reciprocal function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You wish to accurately plot values given certain population data, but not exactly sure how to model, which one of these should be used?

<p>Use an exponential model. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Non-linear functions

Functions whose graphs are curves, not straight lines.

Quadratic function

A non-linear function with the highest power of the independent variable being 2. General form: y = ax² + bx + c.

Parabola

The graph of a quadratic function; a symmetrical U-shaped curve.

Vertex (Turning Point)

The point where the parabola changes direction.

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Axis of symmetry

A line that divides the parabola into two symmetrical halves.

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Maximum/Minimum Value

The maximum or minimum y-value on a quadratic function's graph, occurring at the vertex.

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Exponential function

A function where the independent variable is the exponent. General form y = b(a^x) or y = b(a^-x)

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Exponential Curve

A graph shaped like an exponential curve.

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Asymptote

A straight line that a curve approaches but never touches.

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Exponential growth

A quantity that increases according to an exponential function, showing rapid growth.

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Exponential decay

A quantity that decreases according to an exponential function, showing a rapid initial decline.

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Reciprocal function

A non-linear function with x in the denominator, in the form of y = k/x.

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Hyperbola

The graph of a reciprocal function, with two separate branches.

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Direct variation

Occurs when two variables change in the same direction. y = kx.

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Inverse variation

Occurs when two variables change in opposite directions. y = k/x.

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Graph Terminology

Terms like asymptote and intercepts, used to describe features of function graphs

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Study Notes

  • A linear function graph forms a straight line, represented by y = mx + c.
  • Non-linear function graphs form curves and have diverse equations
  • Australia's population projections are modeled by P = 25(1.016)^n, where P is millions of people and n is years after 2020.

Quadratic Functions

  • Quadratic functions, unlike linear ones, create curves and have varying equation forms.
  • General form is y = ax² + bx + c, where a, b, and c are constants
  • Key aspects of a quadratic function include:
    • Parabola shape of the graph.
    • Symmetry and vertex, or turning point.

Parabola Shape

  • Can be visualized by creating points using a table of values.
  • Vertex (turning point) for y=x² is (0,0)
  • The y-axis serves as the axis of symmetry.
  • Graphs of y=2x2 are taller/steeper than the original y=x² graph
  • Graphs of are flatter than the original graph.

Concavity

  • If a is positive, the parabola is concave up (like a bowl).
  • If a is negative, the parabola is concave down (like an upside-down bowl).
  • The y-intercept of y = ax² + c is c, and the vertex is (0, c).

Maximum and Minimum Values

  • Represented by the y-value of the vertex on the graph of a quadratic function.

Exponential Function

  • An exponential function has the independent variable in the power or exponent, non-linear.
  • The standard form is y = b(aˣ) or y = b(a⁻ˣ), with constants a > 0 and b.
  • Exponential curves have distinctive properties:
    • Always above the x-axis.
    • The x-axis is an asymptote, or a line the curve approaches without touching.
    • The y-intercept is 1.
    • If a > 1 it is always an increasing function but decreasing if a is between 0 and 1.

Exponential Growth and Decay

  • Growth uses the formula y = b(aˣ), where a > 1
  • Decay uses the formula y = b(a⁻ˣ) where a > 1 of y = b(aˣ) where a is between 0 and 1
  • The initial value is b, or the value when x = 0.

Reciprocal Function

  • Features 'x' in the denominator
  • Typically a hyperbolic function.
  • Simple form: y = k/x, where k is constant.
  • Creates a hyperbola on a graph with two separate branches and asymptotes.
  • Branches exist in the 1st and 3rd quadrants if 'k' is positive
  • Branches exist in the 2nd and 4th quadrants if 'k' is negative

Direct Variation

  • Occurs when two variables (x, y) change in the same direction.
  • Given as y = kx, where k is the constant of variation.

Inverse Variation

  • Occurs when two variables change in opposite directions.
  • Given as y = k/x, where k is a constant.

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