BIO EXAM

The process of copying DNA to create two identical DNA molecules

Enzyme that matches existing DNA bases with complementary bases and forms bonds between new strands

The fundamental process of converting DNA information into proteins: DNA → RNA → Protein

The process of converting DNA to RNA inside the nucleus.

The process of converting RNA into protein outside the nucleus

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein or enzyme.

The process of converting genetic information (genotype) into observable traits (phenotype) through transcription and translation.

The enzyme that produces melanin is sensitive to temperature. It doesn't work above 33°C and is denatured at higher temperatures. Cooler areas have active enzymes, leading to melanin production.

Structures found in all sexual organisms. They contain DNA, genes, and hereditary information. Humans have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.

A pair of chromosomes that have the same size, shape, and genes, but may have different variations (alleles) of those genes.

A visual map of all the chromosomes in an organism. Chromosomes look like this when they condense.

Identical copies of a chromosome created during DNA replication (prior to cell division of a cell).

The central point where sister chromatids are connected before separation.

Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells from one parent cell. It involves DNA replication and chromosome separation.

The process of chromosomes becoming tightly packed, appearing as distinct visible structures to be seen under microscope during cell division.

Cells inside sporangia that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. These spores are then released and develop into gametophytes.

The haploid stage in the life cycle of a plant, responsible for producing gametes (sex cells). In mosses, the gametophyte is the dominant stage, while in vascular plants, it's small and free-living.

Specialized cells that form a network for water and mineral transport in vascular plants. They are linked together, creating a pathway from roots to leaves.

The vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves in plants.

The vascular tissue that transports sugars and nutrients downwards from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Simple leaf-like structures found in lycophytes (club mosses). They lack vasculature (veins) and are smaller than megaphylls.

Complex leaves found in ferns and seed plants. They have a well-developed vascular system and are larger than microphylls.

Clusters of sporangia found on the underside of fern fronds. They contain spore mother cells that undergo meiosis to produce spores.

A type of green algae that shares structural similarities with land plants, including a flattened cell form.

A colonial organism that forms hollow spheres, where individual cells are organized within a larger structure. Though many cells exist, only a subset reproduce, demonstrating the early stages of multicellularity.

A group of algae closely related to land plants, displaying many shared traits such as mitosis and cell structures. Importantly, they lack the characteristic flattened cell shape of land plants.

Non-vascular plants that lack tracheid cells for water transport. These plants include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts and are significantly smaller due to limited water transportation.

A characteristic of land plants that describes the development of a specialized structure to protect the embryo from drying out.

A characteristic of bryophytes where the haploid gametophyte stage is the dominant and long-lasting phase of the life cycle.

In bryophytes the sporophyte, responsible for spore production, is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition and is unable to photosynthesize.

The short-lived, non-photosynthetic, and inconspicuous sporophyte structure that grows out of the gametophyte in mosses.

A relationship where one species benefits while the other is unaffected. The unaffected species is typically unaware of the relationship.

A relationship where one species is harmed, while the other is unaffected. Often accidental.

The number of different species found in a specific area.

How evenly represented different species are in an area; their relative abundance.

The variation in environmental conditions within an area, leading to diverse habitats.

A global pattern showing higher species diversity near the equator and declining diversity towards the poles.

A species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure and stability of an ecosystem.

The diversity of interactions between species within a community impacts its overall stability.

A relationship between two species where both benefit from the interaction. Neither can live without the other.

A relationship where one species benefits at the expense of another. The parasite benefits, while the host is harmed.

A parasite that lives on the outside of its host. They can be found on skin, feathers, or even inside plants.

A parasite that lives inside the body of its host. They can range from microscopic viruses to larger worms.

A parasite that has lost the ability to photosynthesize and relies entirely on its host for nutrition.

A parasite that can photosynthesize but supplements its nutrition by taking nutrients from its host.

A type of roundworm that is a common endoparasite. They can affect a variety of animals, including humans.

A parasitic protist that causes malaria. It has a complex life cycle involving mosquitoes and humans.