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Questions and Answers

A light meter indicates that the correct exposure is f-16 at 1/60th of a second. If you decide to use a shutter speed of 1/250th of a second to freeze motion, what aperture would maintain equivalent exposure?

  • f-22
  • f-11 (correct)
  • f-8
  • f-5.6

You are taking a photo, and your camera is set to f-16 at 1/60th of a second. If you change your shutter speed to 1/500th, approximately how many f-stops do you need to open up your aperture to maintain the same exposure?

  • Four stops
  • Two stops
  • One stop
  • Three stops (correct)

Aperture and shutter speed have an inverse relationship in the context of maintaining proper exposure. If you increase the shutter speed, what adjustment to the aperture is required to maintain the same exposure level?

  • Keep the aperture the same, as shutter speed does not affect exposure
  • Adjust the ISO instead of the aperture
  • Increase the aperture size (decrease the f-number) (correct)
  • Decrease the aperture size (increase the f-number)

In a scenario where the initial exposure is correctly metered at f-16 and 1/60th of a second, which of the following alternative exposure settings would also be considered equivalent, adhering to the principle of reciprocity?

<p>f-11 and 1/125th of a second (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer changes their camera settings from f-16 at 1/60th of a second to f-8, what adjustment to the shutter speed is needed to maintain the same exposure?

<p>1/250th of a second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In photography, what concept is best described by maintaining equilibrium and balancing elements to achieve a desired outcome?

<p>Reciprocity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a scene with a specific brightness level, which of the following statements best describes the principle of reciprocity in photography?

<p>Several combinations of aperture, shutter speed, and ISO can produce a correct exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A photographer wants to maintain the same exposure on a photo but wants a shallower depth of field. If their initial settings are f/8 at 1/250 shutter speed, which adjustment would adhere to the principle of reciprocity?

<p>Change the aperture to f/2.8 and the shutter speed to 1/1000. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a photographer most likely need to consider reciprocity failure (where the standard reciprocity relationship no longer holds)?

<p>Capturing long-exposure night scenes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding reciprocity help a photographer creatively?

<p>It provides the photographer with different combinations of settings to realize desired effects like motion blur or depth of field. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer changes the aperture from f/8 to f/4, how does this affect the amount of light entering the camera, and what adjustment to the shutter speed would maintain the same exposure?

<p>The amount of light is quadrupled; the shutter speed should be divided by four. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A photographer is taking a photo at ISO 400, f/2.8, and 1/250 shutter speed. To freeze motion better, they want to change the shutter speed to 1/1000. What adjustments to ISO or aperture are needed to keep the same exposure?

<p>Change the aperture to f/4 or the ISO to 800. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a camera's ISO is increased from 100 to 800, how many 'stops' of light sensitivity have been added, and how does this affect the required exposure time?

<p>3 stops, requiring 8x less exposure time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between wavelength and visible light, and how is a nanometer used to measure it?

<p>Wavelength is the distance between peaks of electromagnetic waves, measured in nanometers, which are 10⁻⁹ meters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does changing the aperture from f/2.8 to f/11 affect the depth of field, assuming all other settings remain constant?

<p>Increases the depth of field, making more of the image in focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the relationship between ISO, aperture, and shutter speed, which combination would be best to use in a low-light environment when trying to freeze a fast-moving subject?

<p>High ISO, wide aperture, and fast shutter speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a TV remote use and how can a camera show something that is not visible to the human eye?

<p>Infrared; cameras can detect specific wavelengths outside the visible spectrum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer wants to decrease the amount of light entering the camera by two stops, which of the following adjustments could they make?

<p>Change the aperture from f/5.6 to f/8. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does our perception of color remain relatively constant even when lighting conditions change?

<p>Due to a phenomenon called color constancy, which allows the brain to adjust perceived colors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer adjusts the white balance of a camera, what aspect of light are they primarily modifying?

<p>The spectral quality, which refers to the spectrum or spread of colors (wavelengths) emitted by a light source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the color emitted by a 'black body' as its temperature increases?

<p>It shifts from red to yellow to white and then to blue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scene lit by both tungsten light (from indoors) and natural light coming through the windows, what is the most likely difference in spectral quality between the two light sources?

<p>The tungsten light has a higher yellow content, while the natural light has a higher blue content. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do different light sources emit varying amounts of energy at different wavelengths?

<p>Due to differences in their temperature, composition, and the physical processes that generate light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer takes a picture under low pressure sodium lamps, what color cast is most likely to appear in the image if no white balance correction is applied?

<p>A strong yellow/orange cast. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between spectral quality and color temperature in the context of light?

<p>Spectral quality describes the entire spectrum of wavelengths emitted, while color temperature simplifies this into a single value based on black body radiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a scenario where an object appears green under daylight but appears brownish under incandescent light. Which phenomenon explains this change in perceived color the least?

<p>The object is actually changing its physical properties and thus its reflective qualities in response to different light sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer takes a photo at ISO 100, f/16 and 1/60th of a second, according to the principle of reciprocity, what ISO would be needed to achieve the same exposure at f/16 and 1/250th of a second?

<p>ISO 50 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment to ISO would you need to make to compensate for a change in shutter speed from 1/30 to 1/125 while maintaining a constant aperture?

<p>Increase ISO by two stops (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To maintain the same exposure when changing the aperture from f/11 to f/2.8, what adjustment to the shutter speed is required?

<p>Increase the shutter speed by 4 stops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A photographer wants to decrease the depth of field in a photograph while maintaining the same exposure. Which combination of settings would achieve this?

<p>Decrease the aperture from f/8 to f/2.8 and decrease the shutter speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where the initial settings are f/16 and 1/60 sec. What equivalent exposure setting would allow for a faster shutter speed to freeze motion?

<p>f/2.8 at 1/1000 sec (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a camera is set to f/8 and 1/60 sec at ISO 400 to properly expose a scene, what adjustments should be made to maintain a similar exposure at ISO 1600?

<p>f/8 and 1/250 sec (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the ISO from 100 to 800 affect the required exposure settings, assuming aperture remains constant?

<p>It decreases the required shutter speed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a correct exposure at f/5.6 and 1/125 sec, which of the following settings would result in an underexposed image?

<p>f/11 at 1/125 sec (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a photographer wants to use a wider aperture to blur the background but maintain the same exposure as f/16 at 1/60 sec, what adjustment should they make?

<p>Change to f/2.8 and 1/500 sec. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does changing from a shutter speed of 1/250 sec to 1/60 sec affect the amount of light hitting the sensor?

<p>It increases the light by approximately 2 stops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A photographer is shooting in manual mode and notices that their images are consistently overexposed. What adjustments could they make to correct this?

<p>Decrease the ISO or narrow the aperture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A camera's meter suggests f/8 at 1/250 sec at ISO 200 for a well-exposed image. If the photographer changes the ISO to 800, what should the new shutter speed be to maintain equivalent exposure, assuming the aperture stays at f/8?

<p>1/1000 sec (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these settings will allow the LEAST amount of light to hit the sensor, assuming all other settings remain constant?

<p>f/16, 1/250 sec, ISO 100 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the resulting effect of changing your settings from f/4 at 1/250 to f/8 at 1/60? Assume ISO remains constant.

<p>The image will be brighter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of aperture and shutter speed would be most suitable for capturing a fast-moving subject in sufficient light, while aiming for a shallow depth of field?

<p>f/2.8 and 1/1000 sec (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to set the camera to manual focus for this exercise?

<p>Because focus is not a critical element of the exercise, and manual focus ensures consistency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using JPEG mode instead of RAW for this particular assignment?

<p>The exercise focuses on light meter behavior and does not require the extended editing capabilities of RAW files. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of this exercise, why is it important to avoid altering the photos after they are taken?

<p>Post-processing can skew the brightness and exposure data, affecting the interpretation of the camera's light meter readings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the learning outcome you should achieve after completing this exercise?

<p>Predicting how an in-camera light meter will interpret a scene and estimate the image's resulting brightness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the procedure instruct you to fill the frame with each object, even if it's out of focus?

<p>Filling the frame helps the camera's light meter to accurately assess the overall brightness of the object. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of setting the exposure compensation to "0" or normal before starting the exercise?

<p>It allows the camera's automatic exposure system to function as intended, without any manual overrides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of photographing black, white, and grey objects separately in this exercise?

<p>To observe how the camera's light meter responds to different tonal values and how it affects exposure settings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the camera is in an auto exposure mode like P-mode, what camera settings is the camera automatically determining?

<p>Aperture and shutter speed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Experiential Learning Exercise

An exercise to understand how a camera's light meter determines exposure.

Resulting Image Brightness

The predicted brightness level of an image based on the scene.

Manual Focus

A camera setting where the user sets the focus manually, not automatically.

ISO

A measure of the sensitivity of the image sensor to light.

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JPEG Mode

A common image format suitable when RAW is not necessary.

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Auto Exposure Mode

Camera selects aperture/shutter speed automatically.

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Exposure Compensation

A setting that adjusts the overall brightness of an image.

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In-Camera Light Meter Interpretation

How the in-camera light meter assesses a scene's brightness.

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Reciprocity

The idea of balance and equilibrium in photography.

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f/stop

The aperture setting, which controls the amount of light entering the lens.

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Shutter Speed

The duration the camera shutter is open, exposing the sensor to light.

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Exposure Combinations

With same brightness, multiple combinations of aperture and shutter speed can achieve good exposure.

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ISO 100

ISO 100 indicates the sensitivity of the image sensor to light. Lower ISO values result in less noise but require more light.

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Reciprocity (Exposure)

The relationship between aperture and shutter speed to maintain consistent exposure.

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Starting Exposure

f/16 at 1/60th of a second.

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Faster Shutter, Wider Aperture

Increasing shutter speed requires a wider aperture to maintain the same exposure.

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Shutter Speed Change: 1/60 to 1/250

From 1/60 to 1/250, the shutter speed is approximately two stops faster.

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New Aperture at 1/250th

Approximately f/8.

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Visible Light

Electromagnetic radiation that can produce a human visual response.

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Nanometer (nm)

A unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter (10^-9 meters).

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Equivalent Exposure

Describes when an f-8 aperture at 1/30th of a second yields the same exposure as an f-5.6 aperture at 1/60th of a second.

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Visible Light (expanded)

Electromagnetic radiation that can evoke a human visual response, a small part of the radiant energy in the universe.

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Camera IR Detection

Some cameras can detect that which is not visable to the naked eye.

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Spectral Quality of Light

The spectrum of colors (wavelengths) emitted by a light source.

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Color Constancy

Our visual system's ability to perceive colors of objects as constant despite varying lighting conditions.

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Color Temperature

Used by photographers to describe the spectral quality or white balance of light.

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Black Body Radiation

Heating a black body emits energy as electromagnetic waves; color shifts from red to yellow, white, then blue.

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Color Perception

The color appearance of an object remains relatively constant despite changes in lighting.

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Neutral Light

Describes the color of light, assuming equal energy from all visible wavelengths.

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Low-Pressure Lamp

A light source that emits light primarily at specific wavelengths.

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White Balance

Corrects color casts in photos making white objects appear white regardless of the light.

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Reciprocity in Photography

Adjusting ISO, aperture, or shutter speed to maintain equivalent exposure.

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ISO and Brightness

From ISO 100, doubling the ISO (e.g., to 200) increases sensitivity and brightness.

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ISO and Brightness

From ISO 100, Halving the ISO (e.g., to 50) reduces sensitivity and brightness.

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Equivalent Exposure: f/11 @ 1/60

f/11 at 1/60 sec. Let in the same amount of light as f/2.8 at 1/15 sec

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Faster Shutter Speeds: Light

Shutter speeds from 1/125 to 1/500 let in less light

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Slower Shutter Speeds: Light

Shutter speeds from 1/30 to 2 second let in more light

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Lower F-stop: Light

A lower numbered F-stop like f/1 Lets in more light

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Higher F-stop: Light

A higher numbered F-stop like f/45 Lets in less light

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ISO Definition

ISO is the sensitivity of the camera's sensor to light.

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Low ISO

Lower ISO values (e.g., 100) are less sensitive to light.

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High ISO

Higher ISO values (e.g., 3200) are more sensitive to light.

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ISO Scale

Moving up the ISO scale increases sensitivity.

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Study Notes

Week 03 Topics

  • The topics up for discussion are those decided by the students
  • The schedule includes a discussion about light meters focusing on reflected versus incident light, in the context of 18% grey
  • Assignment 01 is due
  • Learn and apply the principle of exposure compensation
  • Reciprocity will be covered

Reminder

  • It is important to keep up with the required reading and quizzes

Exposure Triangle

  • ISO influences grain
  • Aperture influences depth of field (DoF)
  • Shutter speed influences blur
  • There are 3 ways to change the exposure of a photo
  • There are 2 ways to control how much light enters the camera
  • There is 1 way to determine how much light the sensor needs

Finishing the Series

  • It's important to memorize the relationships between shutter speed, aperture and ISO, learning about the pattern between them is important
  • Example data:
    • 2 seconds, f/1, ISO 12
    • 1 second, f/1.4, ISO 25
    • 1/2 second, f/2, ISO 50
  • 1/4, f/2.8, ISO 100

Light Meters

  • Light meters come in two main types
    • Incident
    • Reflected

Incident Light Meter

  • Employed to measure the light falling on a subject
  • The dome or lumisphere of the light meter is usually placed near the subject
  • It is pointed towards the light source or towards the camera

Reflective Light Meter

  • This is used to measure the light reflecting off a subject
  • These meters do not have a dome or lumisphere
  • The photocell is aimed towards the subject
  • Similar to how a camera's own internal meter measures light

Reflective Light Meters and 18% Grey

  • Reflective light meters are calibrated to assume the subject is grey
  • They are calibrated to assume your subject is a very specific shade of grey known as 18% grey
  • Most scenes reflect approximately 18% of the light
  • Reflective meters will usually produce a good exposure
  • The meter is calibrated to provide an aperture and shutter speed to produce an image that averages out to 18% grey
  • Your camera's internal meter functions similarly, measuring the light reflecting filling your frame
  • Your camera then measures all tones, averages it, and then assumes it is coming from a subject that reflects 18% of the light
  • Using auto exposure, your camera assumes that it is photographing a grey card

Issue with Reflective Meters

  • If a scene or subject is mostly bright or mostly dark, the meter will produce an incorrect exposure
  • This is because if the camera is set to auto-exposure and is being used to photograph a polar bear or black cat is inaccurate
  • It will assume the average tone is grey

Repeating about Grey

  • Your in-camera meter assumes what is being photographed is 18% grey
  • To do so, it averages the different tones
  • It selects a shutter speed and aperture that produces an image with 18% grey

Assignment - 3 Shades of Grey

  • Download the "3 Shades of Grey" assignment
  • It photographs three pieces of matte board one black, one white, and one grey
  • A small answer a few related questions afterwards
  • The worth 5% of the final grade
  • Due January 16, 2025 @ 12 pm
  • A PDF and a video is available to help

Exposure Compensation

  • The ability to override a camera's built-in light meter
  • The meter in a camera makes every effort to get the correct amount of light through the sensor, it can be wrong
  • It may not create the necessary look desired
  • This is when one needs to override the camera's built-in meter with exposure compensation

Examples of Exposure Compensation

  • Automatic Exposure can be fooled by scenarios like a cake or bright windows

Reciprocity

  • Think "balance" and "maintaining equilibrium"
  • Think "what goes up must come down"
  • For any given brightness level, there are many combinations that will produce a good exposure
  • Example: f/8 @ 1/250, ISO 100
  • In this situation any of the above settings will allow the same amount of light to reach the sensor
  • Reciprocity - The relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure.
  • Assume that f-8 @ 1/30th produces a good exposure
  • However, instead, one wants to use 1/60th sec for my shutter speed
  • f-8 @ 1/30th is the same as f-5.6 @ 1/60th
  • Let's say someone is photographing a person while they are walking
  • The light meter provides a “correct" exposure of f-16 @ 1/60th
  • Because the subject is moving, a quicker shutter speed is desired to ensure that the subject will not appear blurry
  • If the shutter speed changes to 1/250th of a second, determine the necessary changes to keep the exposure the same
  • f-16 @ 1/60th is the same as f-8 @ 1/250th

Reciprocity and ISO Adjustment

  • ISO 100, f-16 @ 1/60th is the same as ISO 400, f-16 @ 1/250th

F-Stop Combinations

  • After these are resolved, check on FOL

Visible Light Definition

  • "Visible Light" is the name given to electromagnetic radiation that can evoke a human visual response
  • Visible Light is a small part of a wide range of radiant energy that exists in the universe

Wavelength Units

  • A nanometer, a measure of length like an inch or a cm
  • A nanometer 10-9 meters, or one billionth of a meter
  • As a reference, a human hair is approximately 100,000 nm thick

TV Remote Experiment

  • Find a remote control, i.e., TV remote
  • Turn on "Live View" or video on your camera (your phone camera might also work)
  • Aim your camera at the remote control and see whether it can "see" the infrared signal

Colour Temperature and White Balance

  • Spectral Quality refers to the spectrum or spread of colors wavelengths) emitted by a light source
  • Different light sources deliver different amounts of energy at different wavelengths

Colour Constancy

  • The human perception system ensures that the perceived colour of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions
  • Blue sky has a high blue content
  • Tungsten lamp, and has low blue, but high yellow content
  • We do not usually notice this difference

Using Colour Temperature in Photography

  • Photographers use color temperature to describe the spectral quality or white balance

Colour Temperature Definition

  • Heating up a black body makes it begin emitting energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
  • Black bodies glow from a red colour through yellow, then white and then blue
  • Kelvins are the temperature unit typically used by physicists and scientists

Examples of Relevant Color Temperatures

  • Candle =1930K
  • Tungsten light = 2700K-3400K
  • Daylight = 5500K
  • Electronic Flash = 6000K
  • Cloudy sky = 6500K
  • Blue Sky = 8000K
  • "Cool" light vs "warm" light

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