Podcast
Questions and Answers
A light meter indicates that the correct exposure is f-16 at 1/60th of a second. If you decide to use a shutter speed of 1/250th of a second to freeze motion, what aperture would maintain equivalent exposure?
A light meter indicates that the correct exposure is f-16 at 1/60th of a second. If you decide to use a shutter speed of 1/250th of a second to freeze motion, what aperture would maintain equivalent exposure?
- f-22
- f-11 (correct)
- f-8
- f-5.6
You are taking a photo, and your camera is set to f-16 at 1/60th of a second. If you change your shutter speed to 1/500th, approximately how many f-stops do you need to open up your aperture to maintain the same exposure?
You are taking a photo, and your camera is set to f-16 at 1/60th of a second. If you change your shutter speed to 1/500th, approximately how many f-stops do you need to open up your aperture to maintain the same exposure?
- Four stops
- Two stops
- One stop
- Three stops (correct)
Aperture and shutter speed have an inverse relationship in the context of maintaining proper exposure. If you increase the shutter speed, what adjustment to the aperture is required to maintain the same exposure level?
Aperture and shutter speed have an inverse relationship in the context of maintaining proper exposure. If you increase the shutter speed, what adjustment to the aperture is required to maintain the same exposure level?
- Keep the aperture the same, as shutter speed does not affect exposure
- Adjust the ISO instead of the aperture
- Increase the aperture size (decrease the f-number) (correct)
- Decrease the aperture size (increase the f-number)
In a scenario where the initial exposure is correctly metered at f-16 and 1/60th of a second, which of the following alternative exposure settings would also be considered equivalent, adhering to the principle of reciprocity?
In a scenario where the initial exposure is correctly metered at f-16 and 1/60th of a second, which of the following alternative exposure settings would also be considered equivalent, adhering to the principle of reciprocity?
If a photographer changes their camera settings from f-16 at 1/60th of a second to f-8, what adjustment to the shutter speed is needed to maintain the same exposure?
If a photographer changes their camera settings from f-16 at 1/60th of a second to f-8, what adjustment to the shutter speed is needed to maintain the same exposure?
In photography, what concept is best described by maintaining equilibrium and balancing elements to achieve a desired outcome?
In photography, what concept is best described by maintaining equilibrium and balancing elements to achieve a desired outcome?
Given a scene with a specific brightness level, which of the following statements best describes the principle of reciprocity in photography?
Given a scene with a specific brightness level, which of the following statements best describes the principle of reciprocity in photography?
A photographer wants to maintain the same exposure on a photo but wants a shallower depth of field. If their initial settings are f/8 at 1/250 shutter speed, which adjustment would adhere to the principle of reciprocity?
A photographer wants to maintain the same exposure on a photo but wants a shallower depth of field. If their initial settings are f/8 at 1/250 shutter speed, which adjustment would adhere to the principle of reciprocity?
In what scenario would a photographer most likely need to consider reciprocity failure (where the standard reciprocity relationship no longer holds)?
In what scenario would a photographer most likely need to consider reciprocity failure (where the standard reciprocity relationship no longer holds)?
How does understanding reciprocity help a photographer creatively?
How does understanding reciprocity help a photographer creatively?
If a photographer changes the aperture from f/8 to f/4, how does this affect the amount of light entering the camera, and what adjustment to the shutter speed would maintain the same exposure?
If a photographer changes the aperture from f/8 to f/4, how does this affect the amount of light entering the camera, and what adjustment to the shutter speed would maintain the same exposure?
A photographer is taking a photo at ISO 400, f/2.8, and 1/250 shutter speed. To freeze motion better, they want to change the shutter speed to 1/1000. What adjustments to ISO or aperture are needed to keep the same exposure?
A photographer is taking a photo at ISO 400, f/2.8, and 1/250 shutter speed. To freeze motion better, they want to change the shutter speed to 1/1000. What adjustments to ISO or aperture are needed to keep the same exposure?
If a camera's ISO is increased from 100 to 800, how many 'stops' of light sensitivity have been added, and how does this affect the required exposure time?
If a camera's ISO is increased from 100 to 800, how many 'stops' of light sensitivity have been added, and how does this affect the required exposure time?
What is the relationship between wavelength and visible light, and how is a nanometer used to measure it?
What is the relationship between wavelength and visible light, and how is a nanometer used to measure it?
How does changing the aperture from f/2.8 to f/11 affect the depth of field, assuming all other settings remain constant?
How does changing the aperture from f/2.8 to f/11 affect the depth of field, assuming all other settings remain constant?
Considering the relationship between ISO, aperture, and shutter speed, which combination would be best to use in a low-light environment when trying to freeze a fast-moving subject?
Considering the relationship between ISO, aperture, and shutter speed, which combination would be best to use in a low-light environment when trying to freeze a fast-moving subject?
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a TV remote use and how can a camera show something that is not visible to the human eye?
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a TV remote use and how can a camera show something that is not visible to the human eye?
If a photographer wants to decrease the amount of light entering the camera by two stops, which of the following adjustments could they make?
If a photographer wants to decrease the amount of light entering the camera by two stops, which of the following adjustments could they make?
Why does our perception of color remain relatively constant even when lighting conditions change?
Why does our perception of color remain relatively constant even when lighting conditions change?
If a photographer adjusts the white balance of a camera, what aspect of light are they primarily modifying?
If a photographer adjusts the white balance of a camera, what aspect of light are they primarily modifying?
What happens to the color emitted by a 'black body' as its temperature increases?
What happens to the color emitted by a 'black body' as its temperature increases?
In a scene lit by both tungsten light (from indoors) and natural light coming through the windows, what is the most likely difference in spectral quality between the two light sources?
In a scene lit by both tungsten light (from indoors) and natural light coming through the windows, what is the most likely difference in spectral quality between the two light sources?
Why do different light sources emit varying amounts of energy at different wavelengths?
Why do different light sources emit varying amounts of energy at different wavelengths?
If a photographer takes a picture under low pressure sodium lamps, what color cast is most likely to appear in the image if no white balance correction is applied?
If a photographer takes a picture under low pressure sodium lamps, what color cast is most likely to appear in the image if no white balance correction is applied?
What is the primary difference between spectral quality and color temperature in the context of light?
What is the primary difference between spectral quality and color temperature in the context of light?
Consider a scenario where an object appears green under daylight but appears brownish under incandescent light. Which phenomenon explains this change in perceived color the least?
Consider a scenario where an object appears green under daylight but appears brownish under incandescent light. Which phenomenon explains this change in perceived color the least?
If a photographer takes a photo at ISO 100, f/16 and 1/60th of a second, according to the principle of reciprocity, what ISO would be needed to achieve the same exposure at f/16 and 1/250th of a second?
If a photographer takes a photo at ISO 100, f/16 and 1/60th of a second, according to the principle of reciprocity, what ISO would be needed to achieve the same exposure at f/16 and 1/250th of a second?
What adjustment to ISO would you need to make to compensate for a change in shutter speed from 1/30 to 1/125 while maintaining a constant aperture?
What adjustment to ISO would you need to make to compensate for a change in shutter speed from 1/30 to 1/125 while maintaining a constant aperture?
To maintain the same exposure when changing the aperture from f/11 to f/2.8, what adjustment to the shutter speed is required?
To maintain the same exposure when changing the aperture from f/11 to f/2.8, what adjustment to the shutter speed is required?
A photographer wants to decrease the depth of field in a photograph while maintaining the same exposure. Which combination of settings would achieve this?
A photographer wants to decrease the depth of field in a photograph while maintaining the same exposure. Which combination of settings would achieve this?
In a scenario where the initial settings are f/16 and 1/60 sec. What equivalent exposure setting would allow for a faster shutter speed to freeze motion?
In a scenario where the initial settings are f/16 and 1/60 sec. What equivalent exposure setting would allow for a faster shutter speed to freeze motion?
If a camera is set to f/8 and 1/60 sec at ISO 400 to properly expose a scene, what adjustments should be made to maintain a similar exposure at ISO 1600?
If a camera is set to f/8 and 1/60 sec at ISO 400 to properly expose a scene, what adjustments should be made to maintain a similar exposure at ISO 1600?
How does increasing the ISO from 100 to 800 affect the required exposure settings, assuming aperture remains constant?
How does increasing the ISO from 100 to 800 affect the required exposure settings, assuming aperture remains constant?
Given a correct exposure at f/5.6 and 1/125 sec, which of the following settings would result in an underexposed image?
Given a correct exposure at f/5.6 and 1/125 sec, which of the following settings would result in an underexposed image?
If a photographer wants to use a wider aperture to blur the background but maintain the same exposure as f/16 at 1/60 sec, what adjustment should they make?
If a photographer wants to use a wider aperture to blur the background but maintain the same exposure as f/16 at 1/60 sec, what adjustment should they make?
How does changing from a shutter speed of 1/250 sec to 1/60 sec affect the amount of light hitting the sensor?
How does changing from a shutter speed of 1/250 sec to 1/60 sec affect the amount of light hitting the sensor?
A photographer is shooting in manual mode and notices that their images are consistently overexposed. What adjustments could they make to correct this?
A photographer is shooting in manual mode and notices that their images are consistently overexposed. What adjustments could they make to correct this?
A camera's meter suggests f/8 at 1/250 sec at ISO 200 for a well-exposed image. If the photographer changes the ISO to 800, what should the new shutter speed be to maintain equivalent exposure, assuming the aperture stays at f/8?
A camera's meter suggests f/8 at 1/250 sec at ISO 200 for a well-exposed image. If the photographer changes the ISO to 800, what should the new shutter speed be to maintain equivalent exposure, assuming the aperture stays at f/8?
Which of these settings will allow the LEAST amount of light to hit the sensor, assuming all other settings remain constant?
Which of these settings will allow the LEAST amount of light to hit the sensor, assuming all other settings remain constant?
What would be the resulting effect of changing your settings from f/4 at 1/250 to f/8 at 1/60? Assume ISO remains constant.
What would be the resulting effect of changing your settings from f/4 at 1/250 to f/8 at 1/60? Assume ISO remains constant.
Which combination of aperture and shutter speed would be most suitable for capturing a fast-moving subject in sufficient light, while aiming for a shallow depth of field?
Which combination of aperture and shutter speed would be most suitable for capturing a fast-moving subject in sufficient light, while aiming for a shallow depth of field?
Why is it recommended to set the camera to manual focus for this exercise?
Why is it recommended to set the camera to manual focus for this exercise?
What is the primary reason for using JPEG mode instead of RAW for this particular assignment?
What is the primary reason for using JPEG mode instead of RAW for this particular assignment?
In the context of this exercise, why is it important to avoid altering the photos after they are taken?
In the context of this exercise, why is it important to avoid altering the photos after they are taken?
What is the learning outcome you should achieve after completing this exercise?
What is the learning outcome you should achieve after completing this exercise?
Why does the procedure instruct you to fill the frame with each object, even if it's out of focus?
Why does the procedure instruct you to fill the frame with each object, even if it's out of focus?
What is the significance of setting the exposure compensation to "0" or normal before starting the exercise?
What is the significance of setting the exposure compensation to "0" or normal before starting the exercise?
What is the main purpose of photographing black, white, and grey objects separately in this exercise?
What is the main purpose of photographing black, white, and grey objects separately in this exercise?
If the camera is in an auto exposure mode like P-mode, what camera settings is the camera automatically determining?
If the camera is in an auto exposure mode like P-mode, what camera settings is the camera automatically determining?
Flashcards
Experiential Learning Exercise
Experiential Learning Exercise
An exercise to understand how a camera's light meter determines exposure.
Resulting Image Brightness
Resulting Image Brightness
The predicted brightness level of an image based on the scene.
Manual Focus
Manual Focus
A camera setting where the user sets the focus manually, not automatically.
ISO
ISO
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JPEG Mode
JPEG Mode
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Auto Exposure Mode
Auto Exposure Mode
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Exposure Compensation
Exposure Compensation
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In-Camera Light Meter Interpretation
In-Camera Light Meter Interpretation
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Reciprocity
Reciprocity
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f/stop
f/stop
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Shutter Speed
Shutter Speed
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Exposure Combinations
Exposure Combinations
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ISO 100
ISO 100
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Reciprocity (Exposure)
Reciprocity (Exposure)
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Starting Exposure
Starting Exposure
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Faster Shutter, Wider Aperture
Faster Shutter, Wider Aperture
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Shutter Speed Change: 1/60 to 1/250
Shutter Speed Change: 1/60 to 1/250
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New Aperture at 1/250th
New Aperture at 1/250th
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Visible Light
Visible Light
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Nanometer (nm)
Nanometer (nm)
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Equivalent Exposure
Equivalent Exposure
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Visible Light (expanded)
Visible Light (expanded)
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Camera IR Detection
Camera IR Detection
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Spectral Quality of Light
Spectral Quality of Light
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Color Constancy
Color Constancy
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Color Temperature
Color Temperature
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Black Body Radiation
Black Body Radiation
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Color Perception
Color Perception
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Neutral Light
Neutral Light
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Low-Pressure Lamp
Low-Pressure Lamp
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White Balance
White Balance
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Reciprocity in Photography
Reciprocity in Photography
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ISO and Brightness
ISO and Brightness
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ISO and Brightness
ISO and Brightness
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Equivalent Exposure: f/11 @ 1/60
Equivalent Exposure: f/11 @ 1/60
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Faster Shutter Speeds: Light
Faster Shutter Speeds: Light
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Slower Shutter Speeds: Light
Slower Shutter Speeds: Light
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Lower F-stop: Light
Lower F-stop: Light
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Higher F-stop: Light
Higher F-stop: Light
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ISO Definition
ISO Definition
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Low ISO
Low ISO
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High ISO
High ISO
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ISO Scale
ISO Scale
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Study Notes
Week 03 Topics
- The topics up for discussion are those decided by the students
- The schedule includes a discussion about light meters focusing on reflected versus incident light, in the context of 18% grey
- Assignment 01 is due
- Learn and apply the principle of exposure compensation
- Reciprocity will be covered
Reminder
- It is important to keep up with the required reading and quizzes
Exposure Triangle
- ISO influences grain
- Aperture influences depth of field (DoF)
- Shutter speed influences blur
- There are 3 ways to change the exposure of a photo
- There are 2 ways to control how much light enters the camera
- There is 1 way to determine how much light the sensor needs
Finishing the Series
- It's important to memorize the relationships between shutter speed, aperture and ISO, learning about the pattern between them is important
- Example data:
- 2 seconds, f/1, ISO 12
- 1 second, f/1.4, ISO 25
- 1/2 second, f/2, ISO 50
- 1/4, f/2.8, ISO 100
Light Meters
- Light meters come in two main types
- Incident
- Reflected
Incident Light Meter
- Employed to measure the light falling on a subject
- The dome or lumisphere of the light meter is usually placed near the subject
- It is pointed towards the light source or towards the camera
Reflective Light Meter
- This is used to measure the light reflecting off a subject
- These meters do not have a dome or lumisphere
- The photocell is aimed towards the subject
- Similar to how a camera's own internal meter measures light
Reflective Light Meters and 18% Grey
- Reflective light meters are calibrated to assume the subject is grey
- They are calibrated to assume your subject is a very specific shade of grey known as 18% grey
- Most scenes reflect approximately 18% of the light
- Reflective meters will usually produce a good exposure
- The meter is calibrated to provide an aperture and shutter speed to produce an image that averages out to 18% grey
- Your camera's internal meter functions similarly, measuring the light reflecting filling your frame
- Your camera then measures all tones, averages it, and then assumes it is coming from a subject that reflects 18% of the light
- Using auto exposure, your camera assumes that it is photographing a grey card
Issue with Reflective Meters
- If a scene or subject is mostly bright or mostly dark, the meter will produce an incorrect exposure
- This is because if the camera is set to auto-exposure and is being used to photograph a polar bear or black cat is inaccurate
- It will assume the average tone is grey
Repeating about Grey
- Your in-camera meter assumes what is being photographed is 18% grey
- To do so, it averages the different tones
- It selects a shutter speed and aperture that produces an image with 18% grey
Assignment - 3 Shades of Grey
- Download the "3 Shades of Grey" assignment
- It photographs three pieces of matte board one black, one white, and one grey
- A small answer a few related questions afterwards
- The worth 5% of the final grade
- Due January 16, 2025 @ 12 pm
- A PDF and a video is available to help
Exposure Compensation
- The ability to override a camera's built-in light meter
- The meter in a camera makes every effort to get the correct amount of light through the sensor, it can be wrong
- It may not create the necessary look desired
- This is when one needs to override the camera's built-in meter with exposure compensation
Examples of Exposure Compensation
- Automatic Exposure can be fooled by scenarios like a cake or bright windows
Reciprocity
- Think "balance" and "maintaining equilibrium"
- Think "what goes up must come down"
- For any given brightness level, there are many combinations that will produce a good exposure
- Example: f/8 @ 1/250, ISO 100
- In this situation any of the above settings will allow the same amount of light to reach the sensor
- Reciprocity - The relationship between the intensity of the light and duration of the exposure that result in identical exposure.
- Assume that f-8 @ 1/30th produces a good exposure
- However, instead, one wants to use 1/60th sec for my shutter speed
- f-8 @ 1/30th is the same as f-5.6 @ 1/60th
- Let's say someone is photographing a person while they are walking
- The light meter provides a “correct" exposure of f-16 @ 1/60th
- Because the subject is moving, a quicker shutter speed is desired to ensure that the subject will not appear blurry
- If the shutter speed changes to 1/250th of a second, determine the necessary changes to keep the exposure the same
- f-16 @ 1/60th is the same as f-8 @ 1/250th
Reciprocity and ISO Adjustment
- ISO 100, f-16 @ 1/60th is the same as ISO 400, f-16 @ 1/250th
F-Stop Combinations
- After these are resolved, check on FOL
Visible Light Definition
- "Visible Light" is the name given to electromagnetic radiation that can evoke a human visual response
- Visible Light is a small part of a wide range of radiant energy that exists in the universe
Wavelength Units
- A nanometer, a measure of length like an inch or a cm
- A nanometer 10-9 meters, or one billionth of a meter
- As a reference, a human hair is approximately 100,000 nm thick
TV Remote Experiment
- Find a remote control, i.e., TV remote
- Turn on "Live View" or video on your camera (your phone camera might also work)
- Aim your camera at the remote control and see whether it can "see" the infrared signal
Colour Temperature and White Balance
- Spectral Quality refers to the spectrum or spread of colors wavelengths) emitted by a light source
- Different light sources deliver different amounts of energy at different wavelengths
Colour Constancy
- The human perception system ensures that the perceived colour of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions
- Blue sky has a high blue content
- Tungsten lamp, and has low blue, but high yellow content
- We do not usually notice this difference
Using Colour Temperature in Photography
- Photographers use color temperature to describe the spectral quality or white balance
Colour Temperature Definition
- Heating up a black body makes it begin emitting energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
- Black bodies glow from a red colour through yellow, then white and then blue
- Kelvins are the temperature unit typically used by physicists and scientists
Examples of Relevant Color Temperatures
- Candle =1930K
- Tungsten light = 2700K-3400K
- Daylight = 5500K
- Electronic Flash = 6000K
- Cloudy sky = 6500K
- Blue Sky = 8000K
- "Cool" light vs "warm" light
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