Qing Dynasty: Collapse and Western Influence

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Match the following Ottoman concepts/entities with their roles in the context of imperial reform and resistance:

Ulama = Often resisted reforms perceived as contradicting Islamic principles or disrupting traditional institutions. Janissaries = Initially crucial for stability, but became resistant to reform efforts, sometimes leading to violence against reformers. Tanzimat Reforms = Sought to implement modern-style legal codes, education systems, and social reforms, in order to modernize the empire. Capitulations = Agreements that granted special privileges to foreigners, hindering economic development and a source of tension.

Match the following elements of Tokugawa and Meiji Japan with their defining characteristics:

Tokugawa Shogunate = Enacted a period of isolationism and strict social control, leading to internal peace and stability but hindering external trade. Meiji Restoration = Resulted in rapid modernization and Westernization, including the end of feudalism and the creation of a centralized modernized state. Zaibatsu = Powerful family-controlled industrial and financial conglomerates that emerged during the Meiji era, crucial for Japan’s industrialization. Samurai = The warrior class who lost considerable power and status during modernization.

Match the following concepts relating to 19th-century modernization with an appropriate definition:

Modernization = changes made in society to keep up with Europe’s modern technological advancements. Westernization = The adoption of Western values, practices, and technologies. Balance of global power = The distribution of economic, military, and cultural influence in the world. Nationalism = A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's nation, often accompanied by a desire for political independence or dominance

Match the following Japanese figures with their roles during the Meiji Restoration:

Emperor Meiji = Symbolic leader whose restoration marked a shift from feudalism to modernization and centralized rule. Ito Hirobumi = Key figure in drafting the Meiji Constitution, shaping Japan's modern political system. Fukuzawa Yukichi = Influential intellectual who advocated for Western learning and modernization through his writings. Saigo Takamori = A leader in the Meiji Restoration then led a rebellion against the Meiji government. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic concepts with their manifestations in Japan during the Meiji era:

Entrepreneurialism = The rise of the merchant class and the establishment of new private enterprises. Industrialization = The development of modern factories, railroads, and infrastructure, driven by state investment and private capital. Protectionism = Government policies aimed at shielding domestic industries from foreign competition. Fiscal Policy = Government controls spending and tax rates to influence a nation's economy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their impact on the Qing Dynasty and the Ottoman Empire, respectively, during the 19th century :

Opium Wars = Forced China to open up to foreign trade and cede territory, weakening its sovereignty. Crimean War = Exposed the Ottoman Empire's military and technological weaknesses, prompting reforms. Boxer Rebellion = An anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China that showed strong opposition to foreign influence. Balkan Wars = Marked the complete failure of Ottomanism as a state philosophy and of the Ottoman Empire as a multicultural state. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reform efforts with their goals within the Ottoman Empire.

Tanzimat Reforms = Aimed to centralize administration, modernize the military, and equalize the rights of all Ottoman subjects. Edict of Gülhane = Guaranteed basic rights and security to all Ottoman citizens, regardless of religion or ethnicity. Young Turk Revolution = Sought to establish a constitutional monarchy and revive the Ottoman state's power and prestige. Islamic Modernism = A current of thought that attempted to reconcile Islam with modern values such as nationalism, democracy, civil rights, reason, equality, and progress. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of Japanese society with their transformations during the Meiji Restoration:

Social Hierarchy = The rigid social hierarchy of the Tokugawa period was dismantled, leading to greater social mobility. Military System = The feudal samurai-based army was replaced by a conscripted national army modeled after Western forces. Education System = A modern, universal education system was established to promote literacy and technical skills. Legal System = The shift from a system based on the ritsuryō code to one influenced by European civil law Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their roles in the Ottoman Empire

Mahmud II = Ottoman Sultan from 1808 until his death in 1839, implemented extensive administrative, military and fiscal reforms. Midhat Paşa = An Ottoman democrat, reformer, constitutionalist, and leading figure in the Tanzimat period. Namik Kemal = A prominent Ottoman writer, intellectual, reformer, journalist, and politician. Halide Edip Adıvar = Turkish novelist, nationalist, feminist, teacher and politician. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with an accurate statement:

Self-Strengthening Movement = A period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers. Hundred Days' Reform = The last-ditch attempt to implement social, political and educational reforms in late Qing China. New Policies = A series of reforms in education, military, and administration implemented by the Qing dynasty in China from 1901 to 1911. Xinhai Revolution = A revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the Republic of China Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Qing Dynasty era events with their primary impacts on China's sovereignty and development:

Self-Strengthening Movement = Limited industrial and military modernization, proving insufficient to counter foreign influence, and highlighting internal structural weaknesses. Opium Wars & Unequal Treaties = Erosion of economic independence, loss of territorial control through treaty ports, and imposition of extraterritoriality, severely curtailing Chinese autonomy. Taiping Rebellion = Devastated Southern China, weakening the Qing state, and exacerbating existing social and economic problems. Revealed deep seated social unrest and Qing governmental inefficacy. Boxer Rebellion = Resulted in further foreign intervention and indemnity payments, deepening national humiliation and accelerating the dynasty's decline and subsequent overthrow. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to imperial decline with their specific effects on the Qing Dynasty:

Military Weakness = Inability to resist Western powers and suppress internal rebellions, leading to territorial concessions and loss of prestige. Economic Exploitation = Drain of resources through unequal trade agreements and foreign control of key industries and ports. Political Corruption = Erosion of state capacity, inefficient governance, and inability to implement effective reforms or respond to crises. Social Unrest = Taiping and Boxer Rebellions, demonstrating widespread discontent and destabilizing the empire from within, further hampering its legitimacy. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the concept of 'Informal Empire', match the following elements to their manifestation within Qing Dynasty China:

Economic Control = Western dominance over trade, customs duties, and investment in key sectors, particularly after the Opium Wars, limiting China's economic policy autonomy. Political Influence = Foreign powers exerting pressure to control policy decisions, often through diplomatic and military threats. Territorial Concessions = Establishment of treaty ports effectively under foreign administration, undermining Chinese sovereignty. Cultural Penetration = Spread of Western values and institutions, influencing Chinese social and political thought, and challenging traditional norms. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Ottoman Empire reform efforts with their corresponding limitations and failures.

Tanzimat Reforms = Attempts at administrative and legal modernization were hampered by resistance from conservative elements and failed to stem the separatist movements. Military Modernization = Efforts to adopt Western military technology and organization were insufficient to counter European military superiority, leading to territorial losses. Economic Reforms = Measures to stimulate economic growth through trade liberalization were undermined by European economic dominance and debt accumulation. Educational Reforms = Establishment of modern schools and universities faced challenges in balancing Western knowledge with Islamic traditions and lacked widespread impact. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors contributing to the decline of the Ottoman Empire with their specific consequences:

Nationalist Movements = Loss of territories in the Balkans and the Middle East as various ethnic groups sought independence, leading to territorial fragmentation. European Imperialism = Economic exploitation, territorial encroachment, and political interference by European powers, undermining Ottoman sovereignty. Internal Corruption = Inefficient governance, bribery, and mismanagement, weakening the state's capacity to address challenges effectively. Military Inefficiency = Inability to compete with European military technology and tactics, resulting in defeats in wars and loss of strategic territories. Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts related to the decline phases of the Ottoman and Qing Empires:

Loss of Central Authority = In the Qing Dynasty, Taiping and Boxer Rebellions exemplified this; for the Ottomans, it manifested in regional warlords and separatist movements. Economic Dependency = Both empires became reliant on Western trade and loans, surrendering economic sovereignty through unequal treaties and concessions. Failed Modernization = Both attempted reforms to modernize military and industry, yet insufficient to stave off internal turmoil and foreign encroachment. Territorial Disintegration = The Qing Dynasty ceded treaty ports and spheres of influence, while the Ottoman Empire lost Balkan territories and faced increasing Arab nationalism. Signup and view all the answers

Match the reform failures during the late Qing Dynasty to their long-term consequences for China:

Inadequate Military Modernization = China's continued military inferiority led to further defeats, loss of territory, and imposition of harsher treaty terms. Limited Industrial Development = China remained economically dependent on foreign powers, with limited indigenous capacity for innovation and growth. Failure to Address Social Inequalities = Persisting poverty and inequality fueled social unrest and contributed to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Lack of Political Reform = The Qing government's inability to modernize its political system hindered its effectiveness and legitimacy, setting the stage for revolution. Signup and view all the answers

Match events that characterized instances of informal empires, with the example of 19th century Qing Dynasty China:

Extraterritoriality = Westerners in China were subject to their own laws, not Chinese law, diminishing China's legal sovereignty within its borders. Treaty Ports = Key ports were controlled by Western powers, giving them substantial economic and political leverage over China's trade and access to key markets. Spheres of Influence = Areas within China became dominated by specific foreign powers, effectively carving up the empire into zones of economic and political control. Debt Traps = China's reliance on loans from Western banks created financial dependencies that further limited its autonomy and constrained its development. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics to the most appropriate power/entity in the context of 19th century China:

Qing Dynasty = A ruling dynasty that attempted self-strengthening reforms but was weakened by internal rebellions and external pressures from Western powers. British Empire = The dominant Western power that used military force and unequal treaties to gain economic and political advantages in China. Chinese peasantry = A large population segment burdened by poverty, high taxes, and social unrest, that played a key role in rebellions that destabilized the Qing Dynasty. Foreign Missionaries = Entities that sought to spread Christianity and Western values, and contributed to cultural tensions and social unrest. Signup and view all the answers

Match the correct term to the context of 19th Century Imperialism:

Suez Canal = A vital strategic waterway controlled by Europeans that significantly shortened the sea route to Asia, enhancing European power-projection capabilities. Extraterritoriality = The exemption of Westerners from local laws in countries like China and the Ottoman Empire, symbolizing a loss of sovereignty. Capitulations = Agreements in the Ottoman Empire granting foreigners special privileges, leading to the erosion of Ottoman economic and political autonomy-- similar to 'unequal treaties' in China. 'The Sick Man of Europe' = The Ottoman Empire, facing internal decline and external pressures, was frequently referred to by this term by European diplomats. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figure with their primary interaction or policy related to foreign powers during the 18th and 19th centuries:

Commissioner Lin Zexu = Implemented policies against the opium trade, leading to conflict with Britain. Emperor Qianlong = Famously rejected British requests for increased trade, asserting Chinese self-sufficiency. Sultan Abd al-Hamid II = Reigned during a period of Ottoman decline amidst internal and external pressures without successfully addressing either. Sultan Selim III = Attempted military and administrative reforms but faced internal opposition and was ultimately overthrown. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with the specific reform or policy they advocated or implemented in the 18th and 19th century Ottoman Empire:

Sultan Selim III = Advocated for comprehensive military reforms inspired by European models, leading to significant backlash from established military factions. Sultan Abd al-Hamid II = Initially supported constitutional reforms but reverted to authoritarian rule due to perceived threats from internal and external conflicts. Commodore Matthew Perry = Not applicable, as he was involved with Japan, not the Ottoman Empire. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Not applicable, as he was involved with China, not the Ottoman Empire. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their primary role in either resisting foreign influence or enacting policies that directly resulted in the diminishment of sovereign authority in China:

Commissioner Lin Zexu = Championed the prohibition of opium, an act that precipitated the First Opium War and subsequent treaties diminishing Chinese sovereignty. Emperor Qianlong = Maintained a staunch closed-door policy, resisting trade liberalization that ultimately proved unsustainable in the face of British mercantile pressure. Hong Xiuquan = Not directly related to resisting foreign influence, but rather led a rebellion. Sultan Abd al-Hamid II = Not applicable to China. Signup and view all the answers

Match the figures with their impact on the modernization or westernization efforts in either Japan or the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century:

Commodore Matthew Perry = Forced Japan to open its ports to trade, initiating a period of rapid modernization and westernization known as the Meiji Restoration. Sultan Selim III = Prefigured later Ottoman reform efforts through his attempts to modernize the military, though he faced internal opposition and assassination. Emperor Qianlong = Not applicable, as he resisted westernization. Hong Xiuquan = Not applicable. He was involved with China, and neither modernization nor westernization. Signup and view all the answers

Match the leaders with the specific internal challenges they faced within their respective empires during the 18th and 19th centuries:

Sultan Selim III = Faced opposition from the Janissary corps and the ulama, who resisted his military and administrative reforms. Emperor Qianlong = Presided over a period of relative stability, but his rejection of trade liberalization stored up economic challenges for the future. Hong Xiuquan = Led a massive rebellion which revealed deep-seated internal issues. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Faced internal political opposition to his hard-line stance on opium suppression, creating friction within the Qing bureaucracy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the figures with their lasting legacies concerning the rise of external pressure and internal reform in their respective nations:

Admiral Matthew Perry = Symbolizes the end of Japanese isolationism and the beginning of a period of rapid modernization and engagement with the West. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Represents Chinese resistance to foreign encroachment and the devastating consequences of the opium trade on Chinese sovereignty. Sultan Abd al-Hamid II = Characterized by his attempts to create an Islamic alliance, as well as internal struggles. Hong Xiuquan = His legacy is associated with a radical and destructive rebellion, he did attempt social reform. Signup and view all the answers

Associate each leader with the significant external geopolitical forces or events that critically shaped their policies and decisions:

Emperor Qianlong = Navigating initial British requests for increased trade amid growing awareness of European mercantile power. Sultan Abd al-Hamid II = Responding to mounting internal and external challenges, including war with Russia. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Confronting burgeoning British opium trade and its corrosive effects on Chinese society and economy. Sultan Selim III = Responding to Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical actors with the specific long-term consequences that resulted directly from their actions or policies:

Commodore Matthew Perry = Set in motion the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate and facilitated the rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan under the Meiji Restoration. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Led to heightened tensions and conflict, in the form of the First Opium War. (China and Britain). Hong Xiuquan = Not applicable. Though he led a revolt it had no lasting consequences. Emperor Qianlong = Not applicable. Rather his actions lead to future external pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Match each leader with the intellectual or philosophical underpinnings that significantly influenced their policies and actions:

Emperor Qianlong = Belief in Chinese cultural superiority and the self-sufficiency of the Middle Kingdom, justifying resistance to foreign influence. Sultan Selim III = Inspired by European Enlightenment ideals and military innovations when attempting to modernize the Ottoman Empire. Hong Xiuquan = Not applicable. His actions were most influenced by religion rather than philosophy. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Not applicable. More motivated by morals and ethics. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figures from Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan, with the specific modes of resistance or adaptation they employed in response to increasing Western influence:

Emperor Qianlong = Employed a strategy of diplomatic resistance by firmly rejecting increased trade demands and asserting China's self-sufficiency. Sultan Selim III = Attempted to defensively modernize the Ottoman military by learning from and adapting European military techniques. Commodore Matthew Perry = Not applicable. He applied influence rather than experience it. Commissioner Lin Zexu = Not applicable. His resistance was a domestic policy matter that involved a foreign actor Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figure with their defining ideological or philosophical stance, as reflected in their actions or policies:

Hong Xiuquan = Syncretic Christian millenarianism intertwined with sociopolitical reform. Emperor Menelik II = Autochthonous modernization aimed at preserving sovereignty against colonial encroachment. King Mongkut = Pragmatic adaptation and selective Westernization to avert full colonization. Qiu Jin = Radical feminism fused with revolutionary nationalism against Qing dynastic rule. Signup and view all the answers

Correlate the following historical figures with the specific geopolitical challenges they faced and sought to overcome during their reign or lifetime:

King George III = Navigating colonial rebellion and subsequent imperial reconstitution amidst European power struggles. King Chulalongkorn = Maintaining Siamese independence through strategic concessions and modernization amidst intense colonial rivalry in Southeast Asia. Hong Xiuquan = Overthrowing the Qing dynasty and establishing a new socioreligious order in the face of internal opposition and imperial intervention. Qiu Jin = Dismantling traditional patriarchal structures and Qing dynastic rule through revolutionary activism and advocacy for gender equality. Signup and view all the answers

Match these historical figures with the forms of resistance or statecraft they employed to counter internal or external threats to their authority or nation:

Emperor Menelik II = Military mobilization and diplomatic maneuvering to repel European colonial advances. Hong Xiuquan = Religious mobilization and radical social reforms as the basis for insurrection against dynastic rule. King Mongkut = Strategic diplomacy and cultural exchange to negotiate favorable terms with Western powers. Qiu Jin = Revolutionary agitation and clandestine organization to foment rebellion against imperial rule. Signup and view all the answers

Associate each leader with their primary contribution toward the reformation or restructuring of their respective societies:

King Chulalongkorn = Instituted comprehensive modernization reforms in Siam to adapt to and resist Western imperialism. Hong Xiuquan = Proposed radical social reforms, including land redistribution and gender equality, based on a syncretic Christian ideology. Emperor Menelik II = Orchestrated military modernization and centralized governance to defend Ethiopia against European colonization. Qiu Jin = Advocated for radical gender equality and inspired revolutionary action against the Qing dynasty. Signup and view all the answers

Link each historical figure with their instrumental role in shaping the political landscape of their respective regions during periods of intense geopolitical transformation:

Qiu Jin = Catalyzed revolutionary sentiment and challenged traditional gender roles within a rapidly modernizing China. King George III = Presided over significant territorial expansion, colonial conflicts, and evolving governance structures in Britain. King Mongkut = Facilitated Siam's transition through skillful diplomacy, preventing colonization and fostering selective modernization. Emperor Menelik II = Consolidated Ethiopian sovereignty by modernizing the army and bureaucracy. Signup and view all the answers

Match the individual with the specific challenge to traditional political legitimacy they represented or confronted:

Hong Xiuquan = Challenged the Qing dynasty's Mandate of Heaven through religious insurgency and radical sociopolitical doctrines. Qiu Jin = Questioned the patriarchal foundations of Qing society, advocating for women's rights and revolutionary activism. King George III = Faced colonial challenges to monarchical authority and navigated evolving parliamentary power dynamics during global conflicts. Emperor Menelik II = Upheld traditional imperial legitimacy through modernization and strategic resistance to European colonial expansion. Signup and view all the answers

Associate each figure with the distinctive methods employed to foster national identity and cohesion within their spheres of influence:

King Mongkut = Employed cultural and educational reforms to cultivate a sense of Siamese national identity amidst Western influence. Emperor Menelik II = Promoted a vision of Ethiopian exceptionalism and mobilized national resources to resist colonial intrusion. Qiu Jin = Inspired patriotic fervor and advocated for revolutionary change to establish a modern, egalitarian Chinese nation. Hong Xiuquan = Cultivated a shared religious ideology and utopian vision to unite followers in opposition to the Qing dynasty. Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the historical figures with the most accurate description of their legacy:

King George III = His reign was marked by political and military conflicts including the American revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. King Chulalongkorn = King of Siam who is best known for his diplomatic skills which allowed Siam to remain independent. Hong Xiuquan = Led the Taiping Rebellion that sought to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Qiu Jin = Chinese feminist and revolutionary who opposed the Qing dynasty advocating for women's rights. Signup and view all the answers

Connect each of the individuals to the appropriate description of their approach to modernization and societal change:

Emperor Menelik II = Initiated rapid modernization efforts with a priority on military strength and national sovereignty. King Chulalongkorn = Undertook strategic reforms that modernized Siam while preserving its independence. Qiu Jin = Advocated for a revolutionary transformation of social structures and equal status for women. Hong Xiuquan = Sought to transform Chinese society based on a syncretic Christian ideology and radical social reforms. Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the figures with the major obstacles or resistance they encountered while trying to reach objectives:

Qiu Jin = Faced severe opposition from conservative elites and the traditional patriarchal system. King George III = Dealt with colonial rebellions, international wars, and periods of personal mental instability. King Mongkut = Navigated intense pressure from European colonial powers and internal conservative factions. Hong Xiuquan = Confronted internal divisions within his movement and suppression by Qing forces. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical events in China with their primary precipitating factors relating to internal dynamics and socio-economic conditions:

Taiping Uprising = Widespread peasant discontent fueled by famine, overpopulation, and government corruption, blended with a syncretic religious ideology advocating radical social reforms like land redistribution and gender equality. Boxer Uprising = Intensified by drought and ecological hardship driving rural populations into destitution, further exacerbated by the perceived failures of the Qing dynasty to effectively manage internal issues. Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912 = Heightened by the Qing dynasty's inability to modernize effectively and address the grievances of the population, leading to widespread revolutionary sentiment among intellectuals, military officers, and the general populace. Hundred Days of Reform = Triggered by a profound sense of national crisis and existential threat stemming from internal stagnation and recognition of the superior technological and institutional advancement of Western powers. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their primary long-term impacts on China's socio-political development:

Opium Wars = Led to the erosion of Chinese sovereignty through unequal treaties, the opening of treaty ports that facilitated further foreign encroachment, and the intensification of internal dissent against the Qing dynasty. Taiping Uprising = Significantly weakened the Qing dynasty, diverting resources and manpower that indirectly contributed to the state's vulnerability. The sheer scale of destruction and loss of life profoundly affected the Chinese social fabric. Boxer Uprising = Demonstrated the deep-seated anti-foreign sentiment within China while also catalyzing further foreign intervention, which led to increased indemnities, tighter control over Chinese affairs, and deeper penetration of Western influence. Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912 = Ended the Qing dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China and ushering in a period of political instability, warlordism, and ideological struggle that eventually paved the way for the rise of Chinese communism. Signup and view all the answers

Matching the figures with the event that they were most closely associated with:

Hong Xiuquan = Taiping Uprising Empress Dowager Cixi = Boxer Uprising Emperor Guangxu = Hundred Days' Reform Sun Yat-sen = Chinese Revolution of 1911 Signup and view all the answers

Match the policy with its primary goal or action:

Self-Strengthening Movement = Modernize military and industrial capacity through selective adoption of Western technology. Open Door Policy = Maintain equal trading rights for all nations in China. Land Redistribution (Taiping) = Equalize land ownership and abolish feudal exploitation. New Policies Reform = Comprehensive modernization program including education, military, and administration. Signup and view all the answers

Match the consequence to each Chinese Uprising:

Taiping Uprising = Weakening of the Qing Dynasty and immense loss of life. Nian Rebellion = Destabilization of northern China and diversion of Qing resources. Boxer Uprising = Increased foreign intervention and indemnity payments. Dungan Revolt = Widespread ethnic conflict and significant population displacement. Signup and view all the answers

Match the treaty with the right event:

Treaty of Nanjing = Opium War Treaty of Shimonoseki = First Sino-Japanese War Boxer Protocol = Boxer Uprising Treaty of Tianjin = Arrow War (Second Opium War) Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosophy with the corresponding movement:

Confucianism = Traditional social hierarchy and moral values. Christianity (Syncretic) = Taiping Uprising's religious ideology. Nationalism = Driving force behind the Boxer Uprising and the 1911 Revolution. Legalism = Advocated strict laws and centralized authority for governance. Signup and view all the answers

Match each term to their description:

Treaty Ports = Coastal cities opened to foreign trade and residence under unequal treaties. Extraterritoriality = Exemption of foreigners from local laws within specified areas. Indemnity = Payment for damages or losses incurred during conflict. Sphere of Influence = Region where a foreign power claims exclusive economic or political control. Signup and view all the answers

Match each factor to its related historical period:

Decline of the Qing Dynasty = Corresponds to the time period from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, marked by internal rebellions, external pressures, and failed reform attempts. Rise of Chinese Nationalism = Occurred gradually throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, fueled by anti-foreign sentiment, calls for modernization, and the desire for national unity. First Sino-Japanese War = Signified a turning point in East Asian power dynamics, revealing the weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty and leading to increased Japanese influence in the region. May Fourth Movement = Marked a turning point in Chinese intellectual and revolutionary history, rejecting traditional Confucian values and embracing new Western ideas and Marxism. Signup and view all the answers

Match the Chinese figure with their description:

Kang Youwei = Led the Hundred Days' Reform to modernize China. Li Hongzhang = Diplomat and military and politician during the late Qing dynasty. Yuan Shikai = Key in the military during the Qing and led to the end of the Qing dynasty. Zeng Guofan = Qing military leader during the Taiping Rebellion. Signup and view all the answers

Match each historical figure with their primary role in the late 19th and early 20th century events.

Empress Dowager Cixi = Leader of conservative factions opposing reforms Emperor Menelik II = Led Ethiopian forces to victory against Italian colonizers Tsar Nicholas II = Led Russia during the Russo-Japanese War Emperor Meiji = Oversaw the modernization and westernization of Japan Signup and view all the answers

Match each military engagement with its primary geopolitical consequence.

Russo-Japanese War = Shifted the global balance of power, showcasing Japan's military strength and Russia's vulnerability. Battle of Adowa = Symbolized successful African resistance against European imperialism, ensuring Ethiopian independence. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) = Marked the decline of Qing Dynasty influence in Korea and paved the way for Japanese expansion. Boer War = Exposed the limitations of British colonial power and led to reforms in British military and colonial policies. Signup and view all the answers

Match the reform movements with their primary goals during the late Qing Dynasty.

Self-Strengthening Movement = To modernize China's military and infrastructure while preserving Confucian values. Hundred Days' Reform = To implement radical social, political, and educational reforms based on Western models. New Policies = To modernize the administrative, legal, and educational systems of Qing China following the Boxer Rebellion. Boxer Protocol = To impose financial reparations and grant foreign powers greater control over China's internal affairs. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their significance in understanding 19th-century imperialism.

Social Darwinism = Justified imperial expansion as the natural dominance of superior races and cultures. The White Man's Burden = Moral justification for European colonization, framing it as a duty to civilize 'inferior' peoples. Realpolitik = Foreign policy based on practical considerations of power rather than ideology or morality. Sphere of Influence = A region in which a foreign power claims exclusive economic or political rights. Signup and view all the answers

Match the legal concept with its effect on international relations during the Age of Imperialism.

Extraterritoriality = Exempted foreign nationals from the laws of the country they resided in, undermining local sovereignty. Most Favored Nation Status = Granted preferential trade terms to specific countries, creating economic dependencies. Capitulations = Unequal treaties that granted legal and economic privileges to foreign powers in weaker states. Open Door Policy = Ensured equal access to trade in China while nominally respecting Chinese sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the following individuals with their contributions to resistance against imperialism.

Emperor Menelik II = Successfully defended Ethiopia against Italian colonization at the Battle of Adowa. Jose Rizal = Filipino nationalist who advocated for reforms through his writings, inspiring the Philippine Revolution. Emiliano Zapata = A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, fighting for land rights and social justice. Mahatma Gandhi = Pioneered nonviolent resistance against British rule in India, advocating for self-governance and social reform. Signup and view all the answers

Match each concept with its relevance to understanding the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

Unequal Treaties = Compromised Chinese sovereignty, imposing economic and territorial concessions to foreign powers. Taiping Rebellion = Devastating civil war that weakened the Qing Dynasty and exposed its administrative vulnerabilities. Boxer Rebellion = Anti-foreign uprising that led to further foreign intervention and undermined Qing authority. Tributary System = Traditional system of foreign relations weakened by the imposition of a modern state system Signup and view all the answers

Match each of the following Russo-Japanese War battles with historical consequences.

Battle of Tsushima = Decisive naval victory for Japan, crippling the Russian fleet and leading to peace negotiations. Siege of Port Arthur = Prolonged and costly battle demonstrating Japan's military capabilities and Russia's logistical weaknesses. Battle of Mukden = One of the largest land battles before World War I, resulting in Japanese victory and control over Manchuria. Battle of Nanshan = Costly Japanese victory that demonstrated the tenacity and strategic disadvantages of the Russian defense. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic concepts with their impact on global trade during the age of Imperialism.

Opium Trade = Destabilized China’s economy, leading to social unrest and loss of sovereignty through unequal treaties. The Gold Standard = Facilitated international trade by fixing currency values, though it also limited monetary flexibility. Concessions = Granted foreign powers economic privileges in China, exploiting resources and hindering local development. Monoculture Plantations = Created economic dependencies on colonial powers by forcing colonies to focus on single cash crops. Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics to the correct event:

Russo-Japanese War = Led to international recognition of Japan as a major power. Battle of Adwa = Symbol of African resistance, leading to a continued independent Ethiopia. Hundred Days' Reform = Marked a period of intense, but ultimately failed, modernization efforts. Boxer Rebellion = Resulted in increased foreign control and reparations imposed on China. Signup and view all the answers

Match the legal or cultural concept with its specific manifestation of sociopolitical control or resistance during the late 19th century:

Peace Preservation Law (1887) = Legal mechanism employed by the Meiji government to suppress dissent and enforce traditional gender roles by restricting women's political participation. Ethiopian Resistance = Armed opposition showcasing indigenous military and diplomatic capabilities, effectively impeding European colonial expansion. Siamese Diplomacy = Strategic adaptation and skillful negotiation utilized to preserve sovereignty amidst aggressive imperial pressures. “Middle Kingdom” Ideology = Cultural assertion of civilizational centrality and superiority, challenged by Western geopolitical incursions and colonial subjugation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical event with its primary long-term impact on geopolitical power dynamics or societal structures:

Battle of Adowa (1896) = Preservation of indigenous governance and cultural autonomy, bolstering anti-colonial movements and inspiring resistance against European imperialism. Meiji Civil Code (1898) = Entrenchment of gender and disability inequalities, reflecting conservative backlash against reformative advancements. Peace Preservation Law (1887) = Consolidation of oligarchic rule and suppression of nascent democratic aspirations, fostering authoritarian frameworks under the guise of national order. Siamese Reforms = Selective incorporation of Western innovations, maintaining nominal independence while precluding complete subjugation under colonial mandate. Signup and view all the answers

Match the policy or event with its underlying philosophical or ideological justification during the late 19th century:

Peace Preservation Law of 1887 = Justified under principles of social order and national unity, prioritizing collective cohesion over individual liberties and quashing emergent feminist advocacy. Preservation of Siamese Independence = Rooted in pragmatism and adaptive governance, blending traditional legitimacy with instrumental adoption of Western practices to stave off direct colonization. Ethiopian Resistance = Supported by a blend of religious conviction and patriotic fervor, portraying resistance as a sacred duty to safeguard ancestral lands and sovereignty. Civil Code of 1898 = Legitimized through patriarchal norms and Confucian ethics, rationalizing social stratification and reinforcing familial hierarchies. Signup and view all the answers

Match the sociopolitical phenomenon with its analogous contemporary manifestations or impacts:

Japanese Restrictions on Women = Resonates with current debates on gender parity initiatives and the persistence of structural biases impeding female empowerment in political spheres. Ethiopian Victory at Adowa = Echoes in modern resistance movements against neo-colonial influences and underscores the importance of self-determination in international relations. Siamese Diplomatic Maneuvering = Mirrors contemporary statecraft strategies, where smaller nations navigate complex geopolitical alliances to preserve autonomy amidst hegemonic powers. “Middle Kingdom” Mentality = Reflects in present-day assertions of cultural exceptionalism and national pride, influencing foreign policy and international engagement strategies. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figure with their impact on modernization and cultural preservation during the Meiji Restoration and contemporary periods:

Emperor Menelik II = Championed modernization in Ethiopia while preserving cultural identity; analogous to leaders who balance global integration with safeguarding local traditions. King Chulalongkorn = Orchestrated adaptive reforms in Siam to avert colonization; parallels contemporary leaders navigating globalization while retaining sovereign control. Japanese lawmakers enforcing the Peace Preservation Law = Enforced restrictive laws impacting women’s rights; mirrors contemporary figures advocating for policies that reinforce societal norms regardless of civil liberties. Chinese Dynastic Elites = Propagated the “Middle Kingdom” ideology affirming cultural superiority; akin to present-day proponents of national exceptionalism influencing global interactions. Signup and view all the answers

Categorize each nation's approach during the late 19th century based on their interactions with Western powers:

Ethiopia = Resistance and self-defense through military and diplomatic means, preserving independence and sovereignty against external threats. Siam = Strategic negotiation and adaptive modernization, skillfully avoiding direct colonization through diplomatic finesse. China = Cultural entrenchment and resistance to comprehensive reform, leading to internal turmoil and foreign intervention due to rigid adherence to tradition. Japan (Meiji Era) = Selective adaptation and strategic borrowing of Western models, facilitating modernization and industrialization while curtailing certain freedoms. Signup and view all the answers

Match the socio-legal condition with its parallel or causative factor prevalent during the period:

Disenfranchisement of Women in Japan = Stemmed from patriarchal societal norms, reinforced by legal structures, aimed at preserving traditional familial and social hierarchies. Successful Ethiopian Resistance = Fueled by national unity, military modernization, and strategic alliances, enabling decisive victories and thwarting colonial ambitions. Maintenance of Siamese Independence = Achieved through astute diplomatic maneuvering, balancing internal reforms with external pressures to retain sovereignty amidst imperial rivalry. Chinese Vulnerability to Imperialism = Resulted from internal strife, technological stagnation, and ideological rigidity, weakening its ability to counter aggressive foreign exploitation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the event/law with its impact on the balance between tradition and modernity:

Peace Preservation Law = Suppressed emerging democratic movements, prioritizing social stability and traditional hierarchical structures over individual liberties. Ethiopian Independence = Preserved cultural identity and sovereign governance, blending resistance to foreign domination with selective modernization initiatives. Siamese Independence = Enabled gradual reforms and strategic adaptation, synthesizing elements of Western progress with traditional autocratic rule. Civil Code of 1898 = Reinforced patriarchal norms and inequalities, thereby hindering progressive societal reforms advocating gender equality. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the historical precedents set by the listed events, match each response strategy to the type of challenge it was best suited to address:

Strict Enforcement of the Peace Preservation Law = Effective at stifling internal dissent and consolidating authoritarian control, ensuring social conformity and political quiescence. Diplomatic Strategy of Siam = Suited towards navigating external threats through calculated negotiations, managing conflicting interests of colonial powers, and optimizing survival. Military Resistance by Ethiopia = Ideal for repelling direct military aggression, asserting sovereign rights, and demonstrating the feasibility of armed resistance against foreign invaders. Assertion of China as the 'Middle Kingdom' = Designed to insulate from foreign influences by emphasizing supremacy. Signup and view all the answers

Analyze the following responses to imperialism and categorize them based on their alignment with specific theories of international relations:

Ethiopian Resistance at Adowa = Exemplifies realist assertions that states prioritize survival and security by maximizing power to defend against external threats. Siamese Diplomacy under Mongkut = Reflects liberal institutionalism, promoting cooperation and diplomacy through international norms to maintain autonomy and avert direct conflict. Meiji Japan's Legal Restrictions on Women = Mirrors Marxist critiques of state power, exploiting societal divisions to consolidate elite control and suppress marginalized groups while modernizing. Chinese Resistance to Westernization = Represents constructivist notions of cultural identity influencing state behavior, resisting foreign imposition to safeguard national values. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reform movements/events in Ottoman and Japanese history with their primary goals or impacts:

Young Ottomans = Advocated for a constitutional regime and Islamic modernism to strengthen the empire against European encroachment. Tanzimat Reforms = Aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire through legal, educational, and economic reforms, drawing inspiration from Western models. Young Turks = Sought a radical transformation of the Ottoman Empire through secularization, modernization, and the establishment of a Turkish national state. "Sick Man of Europe" = Characterized the Ottoman Empire's decline and vulnerability to European powers due to internal strife and territorial losses. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to Japanese modernization with their associated significance:

"Japanese Miracle" = Characterized the rapid industrialization and transformation enabling Japan to quickly become a major global power. "Black Ships" (U.S.) = Symbolized the end of Japan's isolationism and the beginning of forced engagement with Western powers, leading to significant internal reforms. Meiji Restoration = Marks the beginning of Japan's era of modernization. The government restored practical imperial rule to Emperor Meiji in 1868 and ushered in a time of major political, economic, and social change. Charter Oath = Set the philosophical and political basis for Japan's modernization; it was made so all social classes could move forward together. Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical events with their corresponding long-term consequences for either the Ottoman Empire or Japan:

Tanzimat Reforms = Fostered legal and educational reforms that laid the groundwork for later modernization efforts, but failed to resolve deep-seated social inequalities. "Black Ships" (U.S.) = Triggered the collapse of the Tokugawa Shogunate and accelerated the Meiji Restoration, leading to fundamental societal restructuring. Young Turk Revolution = Weakened the Ottoman Empire through internal power struggles and contributed to its eventual disintegration after World War I. Meiji Restoration = Catapulted Japan into a leading industrial and military power, setting the stage for its imperial ambitions in Asia. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their implications for the balance of power in the 19th-century world:

"Sick Man of Europe" = Created a power vacuum in the Eastern Mediterranean, leading to territorial disputes and intensifying geopolitical competition among European powers. "Japanese Miracle" = Redistributed global influence by creating a formidable Asian power capable of challenging Western dominance and reshaping regional dynamics. Capitulations = Allowed Western economic and legal intrusion, undermining Ottoman sovereignty and exacerbating financial instability. Extraterritoriality = Granted Western powers jurisdictional privileges within Japan, infringing upon its sovereignty and necessitating legal reforms to regain autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

Match each political ideology with its manifestation in either the Ottoman Empire or Meiji Japan:

Constitutionalism = Advocated by the Young Ottomans to curb the Sultan's power and establish a parliamentary system based on Islamic modernism. Nationalism = Fueled the Young Turk movement, seeking to create a homogenous Turkish national state out of the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. State-led Industrialization = Implemented as a core strategy in Meiji Japan to rapidly modernize the economy and compete with Western powers. Imperialism = Motivated Japan's expansionist policies in Asia, as it sought colonies and resources to fuel its industrial growth and assert its dominance. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic policies with their impacts on society in either the Ottoman Empire or Meiji Japan:

Tanzimat Reforms = Attempted to modernize the Ottoman economy through Western-style reforms, but led to increased foreign debt and economic dependence. Zaibatsu Formation = Allowed powerful industrial conglomerates to dominate the Japanese economy, fostering rapid growth but also creating economic inequalities. Land Reform = Shifted feudal land ownership to private ownership, incentivizing agricultural growth and social restructuring, as well as allowing the government to collect more taxes. Forced Labor = Put in place by the Japanese to grow their industrial base after defeating China and Russia, taking citizens into factories to improve outputs. Signup and view all the answers

Match events with the external political pressures that led to their implementation in the Ottoman Empire and Japan:

Tanzimat Reforms = Triggered by European powers as a way to undermine Ottoman authority and gain greater concessions. Meiji Restoration = Catalyzed by the arrival of the "Black Ships," leading to internal upheaval and the overthrow of Japan's feudal system. Young Turk Revolution = Inspired by European nationalism, which aimed to create a more competitive nation-state that better utilized resources. Sino-Japanese War = Resulted in the cession of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan along. Showed there was a regional power shift and that European powers needed to pay attention to Japan. Signup and view all the answers

Match the cultural shifts with their corresponding societal impact in either the Ottoman Empire or Meiji Japan:

Islamic Modernism = Inspired by Western culture, fostered debate about the role of religion in a rapidly changing society and the need for moderate reform. Westernization of Education = Transformed Japan's education system, leading to a more secular, standardized curriculum that promoted technological advancement and national unity. Adoption of Western Dress = Symbolized Japan’s embrace of modernity as men began wearing suits and cutting their hair short. Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with the geopolitical consequences:

Eastern Question = Highlighted European powers' competition over the declining Ottoman Empire, leading to conflicts like the Crimean War. Unequal Treaties = Limited Japan's sovereignty and economic autonomy, forcing it to open its markets to Western powers and adopt unfavorable trade terms. Russo-Japanese War = Marked the first major victory of an Asian power over a European one, elevating Japan's status and redrawing the map of East Asian power dynamics. Pan-Islamism = Aimed for to unity all Muslims in the world. It was used an attempt to resist Western pressures and maintain what power they still had. Signup and view all the answers

Match the internal factors with the external factors that influenced the Ottoman Empire and Meiji Japan:

Internal corruption = External pressures from European imperial powers. Erosion of traditional institutions = Military and technological superiority of Western nations. Feudal system = Forced Japan to respond to Western economic and political demands. Decline of military power = Resulted in the loss of territories and increased vulnerability. Signup and view all the answers

Qing Dynasty

China's last dynasty, ruling from 1644 to 1912, facing internal & external pressures.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A mid-19th century Chinese reform movement to modernize with Western technology while preserving Chinese culture.

Unequal Treaties

Agreements forced on China by Western powers, granting them special privileges and eroding Chinese autonomy.

Informal Empires

Areas dominated by Western powers that maintained their own government while being dependent on the dominant power.