Paper 3

Wind Load

• Wind load is not always true

Material Properties

• Material properties that can tell deformation with change in temperature include:
  • Coefficient of thermal expansion
  • Modulus of elasticity

Force and Deformation

• If the applied force is doubled (2F), the deformation (D) will also double

Wall Stiffness

• The stiffness of a wall is given by the formula: stiffness = (H × D × E) / (H × D)

Dead Load

• Dead load is the weight of the structural elements and permanent fixtures in a building
• Examples of dead loads include:
  • Weight of walls, floors, and roofs
  • Weight of permanent fixtures such as plumbing and HVAC systems

Structural Analysis

• A pin joint is a type of joint that allows rotation but not translation
• A roller joint is a type of joint that allows translation but not rotation

Column Loads

• The column that supports the largest load is the one with the largest cross-sectional area
• The load on a column is proportional to its cross-sectional area

Piles and Foundations

• A replacement pile is a type of pile that is used to replace a existing pile
• Boring test is used to determine the soil properties and rock formations at a site
• The purpose of a pile is to transfer the load from the structure to the ground

Tall Building Foundations

• For tall buildings, the best foundation is often a deep foundation such as a pile foundation
• The load on a tall building foundation is proportional to the height of the building

Material Properties (continued)

• The modulus of elasticity of steel is 20500
• The modulus of elasticity of aluminum is 6900
• The higher the modulus of elasticity, the stiffer the material

Reinforcement in Concrete

• Raised rib profiles on rebars are used to improve the bonding between the rebar and the concrete
• Rebars are used to provide additional strength to concrete structures

Slab Systems

• A floor slab system is a type of slab that is supported by a grid of columns
• A diaphragm floor is a type of floor that is designed to resist lateral loads

Structural Systems

• A vierendeel structure is a type of structure that uses diagonal members to resist lateral loads
• A spandrel beam is a type of beam that is used to support a wall or a floor

Case Study

• The best lateral structure for the SA tower is a framed tube structure
• Outriggers are usually placed at the perimeter of a tower to resist lateral loads
• The best foundation for the tower is a deep foundation such as a pile foundation