History - Paper 3 (US)

The Development of the Civil Rights Movement (1954–1960)

• Black Americans faced segregation and discrimination, especially in the South, where "Jim Crow" laws enforced separation. Segregation was validated by the Plessy v. Ferguson case (1896) which allowed segregation if facilities were "separate but equal", though this was not the reality.
• The NAACP and CORE worked to end segregation through legal challenges, protests, and boycotts.
• The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) used violence to oppose civil rights, with members rarely punished due to law enforcement involvement.
• In 1955, Emmett Till, a 14-year-old Black American, was lynched in Mississippi for allegedly whistling at a white woman; his mother displaying his body led to increased support for the civil rights movement.

Progress in Education

• In Brown v. Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court ruled school segregation unconstitutional but provided no timetable for desegregation, causing slow and resisted implementation. In 1957, the events at Little Rock High School involved Governor Faubus using the National Guard to block nine Black students, prompting President Eisenhower to send in the US Army to enforce integration.
• Despite resistance, more than 300,000 Black children were attending desegregated schools by 1957, but 2.4 million Black Southern children remained in segregated schools.
• White Citizens' Councils formed to oppose Brown v. Topeka, challenging desegregation in courts.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1960)

• In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on a bus led to a successful year-long bus boycott led by Martin Luther King which made him famous. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is set up with Martin Luther King chosen as its President and sought the end of segregated buses due to pressure from the NAACP which brought Browder v. Gayle to the state courts
• A Civil Rights Act was passed in 1957 emphasizing voting rights, though Southern Democrats and all-white juries hindered its effectiveness; only 3% more Black Americans registered to vote by 1960.
• The Ku Klux Klan used violence to intimidate Black people, and White Citizens' Councils pressured insurance agencies to disrupt carpooling during the boycott.
• In 1956, over 100 Southern politicians signed the Southern Manifesto, rejecting Brown v. Topeka. Senator Strom Thurmond, a Dixiecrat, filibustered for over 24 hours against the 1957 Civil Rights Bill.

Key People in the Civil Rights Movement (1954-1960)

• Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and prominent spokesperson for the civil rights movement founding the SCLC and promoting non-violent protests for voting rights and desegregation.
• Rosa Parks, a NAACP activist, sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower, as president, initially avoided civil rights issues but intervened in Little Rock in 1957.
• Orval Faubus ordered state troops to prevent black students from entering Little Rock in 1957.

Protest, Progress and Radicalism (1960-1975)

• The Greensboro sit-in in 1960 involved Black students demanding service at a whites-only lunch counter, leading to boycotts and desegregation. And led to the SNCC (Student Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee) being set up which used Freedom Rides, The March on Washington and the Freedom Summer.
• The Freedom Riders in 1961 challenged segregation and racial discrimination of interstate bus terminals, facing violence and arrests before Kennedy intervened to ban segregation of interstate travel facilities.
• In 1962, James Meredith's attempt to integrate the University of Mississippi required federal marshals and troops due to violent opposition.

The Birmingham Campaign (1963)

• Birmingham, Alabama was "the most segregated city in America", leading to SCLC-led sit-ins and marches challenged segregation.
• Police Chief 'Bull' Connor's violence against protestors, including children, is captured the world and brought mass awareness.
• President Kennedy intervened, leading to desegregation agreement and a new Civil Rights Bill.

March on Washington (1963)

• The NAACP, CORE, SNCC, and SCLC organize The March on Washington with 250,000 people attending. It was televised and put pressure on President. Kennedy to progress Civil Rights Act and was where King gave his famous "I have dream speech"
• The Freedom Summer of 1964 aimed to increase Black voter registration in Mississippi, leading to violence and murders which galvanizing some but leading others to question non-violence efforts.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

• President Johnson signs bill banning segregation in hotels, restaurants, and theaters, and empowering the federal government to enforce school desegregation.

Selma and the Voting Rights Act (1965)

• Martin Luther King, wanted more focus on the right for Black American to vote after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and launch a campaign to promote Voting Rights and used Selma, Alabama for the campaign as just 383 out of 15,000 Black America had the right to vote.
• Marchers were attacked and stopped on the Edmund Pettus Bridge on "Bloody Sunday, sparking the call for the President to introduce a bill to protect voting rights for Black Americans.
• The Voting Rights Act ends literacy tests and granted federal officials power over voter registration in areas with low participation where fear of registering meant black southerners often found themselves ineligible to vote.

Malcolm X and Black Power (1963-1970)

• Some felt that King's methods didn't seek to fully gain equality, a group called the Nation of Islam lead by Malcolm X sought separatism and his speeches increased membership
• Malcolm X helped set up educational programs in the ghettos to educate young youths. After visit to Mecca, views changed on racial discrimination and began a multiracial approach he was assassinated in 1965 by the Nation of Islam.
• Stokely Carmichael led the SNCC which then using Black Power to become apart of the the Black American struggle.
• The Black Power movement gained fame at 1968 Mexico Olympic when Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave the Black Power salute and protested and gained attention and awareness to people worldwide.

The Black Panthers

• The Black Panther Party influenced by Malcolm X, called for end to capitalism and a socialist society which saw them wear uniforms and use weapons; It involved around 5,00 members. The FBI and police were constantly targeted by them with police, clothing and drugs rehabilitation.
• They were influenced by Malcolm X to issue a ten-point programme setting out their aims. The Panthers called for an end to capitalism and the establishment of a socialist society. They were prepared to use revolutionary means to achieve there aims, by wearing uniforms and were ready to use weapons. By 1968 they had 5,000 members.

Civil Rights Movement pt. 2 (1965-1975)

• Many youong Black America were angry with the government despite Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act due to unemployment, discrimination and poverty, and the event grew worse after police violence to a young Black man which exploded into the Watts Riot.
• Kings support in the North was limited and he expanded "freedom" towards Black American in the North. The Chicago Freedom Movement set to address poor housing, education and unemployment.

Impact of King's Death

• On April 4, 1968 King and the Memphis support Black refused collectors we killed in a riot, this had a great impact.

Progress in Civil Rights (To 1975)

• Nixon elected president and showed no sympathy for support of the Civil Rights Act, schooling showed more integration as many children attended desegregated schools.

US Involvement in the Vietnam War (1954-1975)

• Before WWII France is to rule the are of the Southeast Asia with modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh set up Vietminh to fight an independence. Japan invaded and occupied with US help.
• There was rivalry between the Superpowers America and the Soviet union, there was to stop to spread to communism.
• 1954 with Vietnam future being in question it was split into North and South by Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem respectfully with hopes for 1956 election.

Eisenhower

• Eisenhower believe that Ho Chi Minh would win the election and create an unity.
• There was a spread of China with communism to help the country.

Kennedy

• America wanted to stay involve so America was there are advisers not combat.

Johnson

• President to use Maddox from the war while gathering more information.
• President needed to find a reason for US involvement.

Ho Chi Minh

• Ho Chi Minh lead by North Vietnam to fight for the the war with South Vietnam.
• Guerrilla tatic was an important part of how Minh won the war and use it to do it.

Methods to War against Communist

• US got involved with the military to try and make their power equipment.
• The US and people from China was at war with them.

Opposition to War in USA

• Number of number of US death and war cause was happening and why it is being spent.
• Draft cards was a big issue was had to do as in why someone was not called.
• My Lai most what happen during the war people and media was involved which is is a very what known time.

End of Nixon

• 3600 million death happen of US and Vietnam.
• President Nixon introduce policy calls Vietnam to stop support communism.
• The president want US to stop as it is an important part

End Of the Involvement of Vietnam

• North Vietnam wanted was to get the area back to the way it was. US wanted it to be apart form them it was in dependent
• There was large areas. Nixon began talks with China and USSR to the Cold War so they agreed secret talks were in place to secure it.
• As result talks of peace occurred however the signing had certain steps
• They still would have to fight at
• It was a a sign act of support for all members