Grammar Review

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
  • Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. man, city, company)
  • Collective nouns: Groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team, flock)
• Verbs: Words that express action, occurrence, or state of being
  • Action verbs: Express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
  • Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs: Used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
• Adjectives: Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: Express quantity or amount (e.g. three, five, many)
  • Qualitative adjectives: Express quality or characteristic (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
• Adverbs: Words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner adverbs: Express how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time adverbs: Express when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
  • Place adverbs: Express where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: Replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, you, he, she, it)
  • Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his, her, its)
  • Reflexive pronouns: Refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)

Sentence Structure

• Independent Clauses: Complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
• Dependent Clauses: Incomplete sentences that cannot stand alone
• Clause Combinations: Ways to combine independent and dependent clauses
  • Compound sentences: Join two independent clauses with a conjunction (e.g. and, but, or)
  • Complex sentences: Join an independent clause with a dependent clause
  • Compound-complex sentences: Join multiple independent clauses with dependent clauses

Verb Tenses

• Present Tense: Expresses an action that is happening now
  • Simple present: Expresses a general truth or habit (e.g. I go to school)
  • Present progressive: Expresses an action that is in progress (e.g. I am studying)
  • Present perfect: Expresses an action that started in the past and continues up to the present (e.g. I have studied)
• Past Tense: Expresses an action that happened in the past
  • Simple past: Expresses a completed action (e.g. I went to school)
  • Past progressive: Expresses an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past (e.g. I was studying)
  • Past perfect: Expresses an action that happened before another action in the past (e.g. I had studied)
• Future Tense: Expresses an action that will happen in the future
  • Simple future: Expresses a future action (e.g. I will go to school)
  • Future progressive: Expresses an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future (e.g. I will be studying)
  • Future perfect: Expresses an action that will be completed at a specific time in the future (e.g. I will have studied)

语法review

词类

• 名词: 指人、地方、事物和想法
  • 专有名词：特定的人、地方和事物的名称（例如John、London、Google）
  • 普通名词：指人、地方和事物的通用名称（例如人、城市、公司）
  • 集合名词：人、动物或事物的集合（例如家庭、团队、鸟群）
• 动词: 表达动作、发生或状态
  • 动作动词：表达身体或精神动作（例如跑、想、读）
  • 连接动词：连接主语与附加信息（例如是、似乎、出现）
  • 帮助动词：用于帮助形成其他动词的时态、语气或.voice（例如will、would、shall）
• 形容词: 修饰或描述名词或代词
  • 数量形容词：表达数量或数量（例如三、五、很多）
  • 质量形容词：表达质量或特征（例如高兴、高清、蓝色）
• 副词: 修饰或描述动词、形容词或其他副词
  • 方式副词：表达如何做某事（例如快速、响亮、明智）
  • 时间副词：表达何时做某事（例如昨天、很快、已经）
  • 地点副词：表达在哪里做某事（例如这里、那里、随处）
• 代词: 替换名词在句子中
  • 人称代词：替换指人或事物的名词（例如我、你、他、她、它）
  • 所有代词：表明所有权或拥有（例如我的、你的、他的、她的、它的）
  • 反身代词：指回句子的主语（例如自己、自己、自己、自己）

句子结构

• 独立从句: 具有主语和谓语的完整句子
• 从属从句: 不完整的句子，不能单独存在
• 从句组合: 将独立从句和从属从句组合的方式
  • 复句：使用连词将两个独立从句连接（例如and、but、or）
  • 复杂句：将独立从句与从属从句连接
  • 复杂复句：将多个独立从句与从属从句连接

动词时态

• 现在时态: 表达当前发生的动作
  • 简单现在时：表达通用真理或习惯（例如我去学校）
  • 现在进行时：表达当前正在进行的动作（例如我正在学习）
  • 现在完毕时：表达从过去开始到现在的动作（例如我已经学习了）
• 过去时态: 表达过去发生的动作
  • 简单过去时：表达完成的动作（例如我去学校了）
  • 过去进行时：表达过去特定时间正在进行的动作（例如我正在学习）
  • 过去完毕时：表达过去某个时间点之前发生的动作（例如我已经学习了）
• 未来时态: 表达将来发生的动作
  • 简单未来时：表达将来的动作（例如我将去学校）
  • 未来进行时：表达将来特定时间正在进行的动作（例如我将在学习）
  • 未来完毕时：表达将来特定时间点完成的动作（例如我将学习了）