Grammar Review

Parts of Speech

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
- Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. man, city, company)
- Collective nouns: Groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team, flock)
Verbs: Words that express action, occurrence, or state of being
- Action verbs: Express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
- Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs: Used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives: Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: Express quantity or amount (e.g. three, five, many)
- Qualitative adjectives: Express quality or characteristic (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
Adverbs: Words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: Express how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
- Time adverbs: Express when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
- Place adverbs: Express where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: Replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, you, he, she, it)
- Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his, her, its)
- Reflexive pronouns: Refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)

Sentence Structure

Independent Clauses: Complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
Dependent Clauses: Incomplete sentences that cannot stand alone
Clause Combinations: Ways to combine independent and dependent clauses
- Compound sentences: Join two independent clauses with a conjunction (e.g. and, but, or)
- Complex sentences: Join an independent clause with a dependent clause
- Compound-complex sentences: Join multiple independent clauses with dependent clauses

Verb Tenses

Present Tense: Expresses an action that is happening now
- Simple present: Expresses a general truth or habit (e.g. I go to school)
- Present progressive: Expresses an action that is in progress (e.g. I am studying)
- Present perfect: Expresses an action that started in the past and continues up to the present (e.g. I have studied)
Past Tense: Expresses an action that happened in the past
- Simple past: Expresses a completed action (e.g. I went to school)
- Past progressive: Expresses an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past (e.g. I was studying)
- Past perfect: Expresses an action that happened before another action in the past (e.g. I had studied)
Future Tense: Expresses an action that will happen in the future
- Simple future: Expresses a future action (e.g. I will go to school)
- Future progressive: Expresses an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future (e.g. I will be studying)
- Future perfect: Expresses an action that will be completed at a specific time in the future (e.g. I will have studied)

语法review

词类

名词: 指人、地方、事物和想法
- 专有名词：特定的人、地方和事物的名称（例如John、London、Google）
- 普通名词：指人、地方和事物的通用名称（例如人、城市、公司）
- 集合名词：人、动物或事物的集合（例如家庭、团队、鸟群）
动词: 表达动作、发生或状态
- 动作动词：表达身体或精神动作（例如跑、想、读）
- 连接动词：连接主语与附加信息（例如是、似乎、出现）
- 帮助动词：用于帮助形成其他动词的时态、语气或.voice（例如will、would、shall）
形容词: 修饰或描述名词或代词
- 数量形容词：表达数量或数量（例如三、五、很多）
- 质量形容词：表达质量或特征（例如高兴、高清、蓝色）
副词: 修饰或描述动词、形容词或其他副词
- 方式副词：表达如何做某事（例如快速、响亮、明智）
- 时间副词：表达何时做某事（例如昨天、很快、已经）
- 地点副词：表达在哪里做某事（例如这里、那里、随处）
代词: 替换名词在句子中
- 人称代词：替换指人或事物的名词（例如我、你、他、她、它）
- 所有代词：表明所有权或拥有（例如我的、你的、他的、她的、它的）
- 反身代词：指回句子的主语（例如自己、自己、自己、自己）

句子结构

独立从句: 具有主语和谓语的完整句子
从属从句: 不完整的句子，不能单独存在
从句组合: 将独立从句和从属从句组合的方式
- 复句：使用连词将两个独立从句连接（例如and、but、or）
- 复杂句：将独立从句与从属从句连接
- 复杂复句：将多个独立从句与从属从句连接

动词时态

现在时态: 表达当前发生的动作
- 简单现在时：表达通用真理或习惯（例如我去学校）
- 现在进行时：表达当前正在进行的动作（例如我正在学习）
- 现在完毕时：表达从过去开始到现在的动作（例如我已经学习了）
过去时态: 表达过去发生的动作
- 简单过去时：表达完成的动作（例如我去学校了）
- 过去进行时：表达过去特定时间正在进行的动作（例如我正在学习）
- 过去完毕时：表达过去某个时间点之前发生的动作（例如我已经学习了）
未来时态: 表达将来发生的动作
- 简单未来时：表达将来的动作（例如我将去学校）
- 未来进行时：表达将来特定时间正在进行的动作（例如我将在学习）
- 未来完毕时：表达将来特定时间点完成的动作（例如我将学习了）