Questions and Answers
What is a literal in programming?
Python is an object-oriented programming language.
True
What is the purpose of functions in programming?
Functions encapsulate a block of code that can be reused and called multiple times within a program, promoting code organization, readability, and reusability.
In Python, indentation is used to indicate a __________ of code.
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Match the following data types with their descriptions:
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What does the 'input()' function do in Python?
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How can user input be type-casted to a different data type in Python?
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Which data structures can be used to assign multiple values to a single variable in Python?
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To find the number of items in a list, which function is used in Python?
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In Python, the '==' operator is used to check if two values are equal.
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What is the purpose of the 'break' statement in Python?
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Import the reduce function from which library in Python?
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Which operator is used for formatting a set of variables in Python strings?
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What is the placeholder for formatted floating point numbers in Python's string formatting?
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Match the following string formatting arguments with their meanings:
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Python 3.6 introduced formatted string literals prefixed with 'f'.
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Which data types are included in Python's standard data types?
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What are the three numerical types supported by Python?
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Which escape sequence is used to escape single quotes in Python strings?
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The + operator is used for string concatenation in Python.
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What method is used to convert a string to uppercase in Python?
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Which method is used to join the elements of an iterable to the end of a string?
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What are some special attributes in Python classes?
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What is the purpose of a constructor in Python classes?
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Which symbol is used in Python for overloading arithmetic addition?
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Python supports method overloading by default.
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Match the operator with its corresponding method for overloading in Python:
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What is encapsulation in Python and how is it achieved?
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What is the purpose of super() in Python classes?
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What will be printed when executing the following code:
fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'] print(fruits)
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What method is used to add the element 'orange' to the end of a list?
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Tuples are changeable in Python.
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What is the keyword used in Python to remove the specified index from a list?
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A set in Python is a collection which is ____________ and ____________.
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Match the following Set methods with their descriptions:
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What does OOP stand for in Python?
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During which object creation is the Credit_Card init method called?
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Which classes is the Payment class inherited from?
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In Python, __________ is the ability to use a common interface for multiple data types.
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Python allows the overriding of methods in child classes inherited from parent classes.
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Match the following programming concepts with their descriptions:
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What is the purpose of a decorator in Python?
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In Python, methods are functions that expect their first parameter to be a reference to the current ______.
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What are the different modes for opening a file in Python?
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The 'with' statement in Python simplifies exception handling and automatically closes the file.
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What is the purpose of a Python package?
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Match the following with their purpose: ['main', 'models', 'services', 'controllers']
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What does the os
module provide in Python?
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Which module in Python provides tools for mathematical operations on real and complex numbers?
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What does the os.getcwd()
function in Python return?
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A file old.txt can be renamed to new.txt using the function os.rename('old.txt', ______)
.
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The os.mkdir()
method requires the full path of the new directory to be specified. (True/False)
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Match the OS module function with its description:
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What will be printed after running the code to generate prime numbers between 1 to 100?
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What statement is printed after 'Banana' in the first code snippet using for statement with break? - Banana gets printed and then exit the loop:
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The continue statement is used to terminate the loop entirely.
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What do list comprehensions in Python do?
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How can you iterate through multiple lists in a list comprehension?
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What is the syntax for defining a function in Python?
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Default arguments in Python assume a value if not provided in the function call.
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What is the purpose of variable-length arguments in Python functions?
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What is the advantage of using lambda functions in Python?
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How is the lambda function used inside the map() function in Python?
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Study Notes
Fundamentals of Programming
- Programming involves using variables to store and manipulate data, and operators to perform actions on that data.
- Constant values stored in variables are referred to as Literals.
- Decision making is a crucial part of programming logic, typically occurring after data handling and before implementing algorithms or executing actions based on conditions.
- Looping is another fundamental concept in programming, enabling efficient and flexible execution of code, making it an indispensable tool for developers.
Functions in Programming
- Functions encapsulate a block of code that can be reused and called multiple times within a program, promoting code organization, readability, and reusability.
- Functions help break down complex tasks into smaller, more manageable pieces, enhancing modularity and maintainability.
- Additionally, functions allow for parameterization, enabling customization and flexibility in code execution.
Introduction to Python Programming
- Python is a general-purpose, interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming language.
- Python was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985-1990.
- Python source code is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
- Python is designed to be highly readable, using English keywords frequently, and having fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.
- Python is a great language for beginner-level programmers.
Features of Python
- Easy-to-learn: few keywords, simple structure, and clearly defined syntax.
- Easy-to-read: Python code is more clearly defined and visible.
- Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy to maintain.
- A broad standard library: Python's library is extensive and highly portable, compatible with UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh platforms.
- Interactive Mode: Python supports interactive testing and debugging of code snippets.
- Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and maintains the same interface across all platforms.
- Extendable: Programmers can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter, enabling them to enhance or customize their tools for greater efficiency.
- Databases: Python provides interfaces to all major databases.
- GUI Programming: Python supports the creation and porting of GUI applications to various system calls, libraries, and windows systems, including Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
- Scalable: Python offers better structure and support for large programs compared to shell scripting.
Python Installation and Setup
- Open a web browser and go to https://www.python.org/downloads/.
- Follow the link to download the Windows installer, named python-XYZ.exe, where XYZ is the version required for installation.
- Save the installer file to the local machine and then run it.
- This will launch the Python installation wizard, which is easy to use.
- Check the box labeled "Add to Path".
- Simply accept the default settings, wait until the installation is finished, and it is done.
- To verify if Python is installed on a Windows PC, run the following in the Command Prompt: python --version.
Python Syntax
- Indentations and Comments:
- Indentations are important in Python, used to indicate a block of code.
- Comments start with a #, and Python will render the rest of the line as a comment.
- Suites:
- A group of individual statements that form a single code block are called suites in Python.
- Compound statements, such as if, while, def, and class, require a header line and a suite.
- Semicolons:
- The semicolon (;) allows multiple statements on a single line, provided that neither statement starts a new code block.
Variables and Literals
- Literals:
- A notation for representing a fixed value in Python.
- Examples: 5 is a numeric literal, and "hello" is a string literal.
- Types of literals: numeric, string, boolean, and None.
- Variables:
- A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
- A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character, and can only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores.
- Variable names are case-sensitive.
Printing Output
- The Python "print" function is often used to output variables.
- To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the "+" character, which is called string concatenation.
Data Types and Casting
- Python is dynamically typed, meaning the data type of a variable is determined by the type of value it currently holds.
- Variables can have different data types during the execution of the program.
- Type casting functions: int(), float(), str(), bool().
Input and Output
- The "input" function is used to take user input from the console during runtime.
- Input provided by the user is always treated as a string.
- Type casting functions can be used to convert input to other data types.
Operators
- Arithmetic Operators:
- Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, exponentiation, floor division.
- Assignment Operators:
- Addition assignment, subtraction assignment, multiplication assignment, division assignment, modulus assignment, floor division assignment, exponentiation assignment.
- Comparison Operators:
- Equal to, not equal to, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, less than or equal to.
- Logical Operators:
- And, or, not.
- Bitwise Operators:
- And, or, xor, not, signed right shift, unsigned right shift.
- Bitwise Assignment Operators:
- And assignment, or assignment, xor assignment, signed right shift assignment, unsigned right shift assignment.
Conditional Statements
- If Statement:
- An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword, followed by a condition, and then a block of code that executes if the condition evaluates to true.
- If Else Statement:
- An "else" statement in Python can be combined with an if statement to provide an alternative block of code that executes when the conditional expression in the if statement resolves to "False".
- Nested If Statement:
- In Python, you can nest if statements inside other if statements to create more complex conditional logic.
Let me know if this meets your requirements!### Introduction to Python
- Python is a programming language that has various standard data types
- These data types define the operations possible on them and the storage method for each of them
Standard Data Types in Python
- There are six standard data types in Python:
-
Numbers:
- Integers (int)
- Floating point numbers (float)
- Complex numbers (complex)
- String: a sequence of characters (str)
- List: an ordered collection of items that can be of any data type, including strings, integers, and other lists (list)
- Tuple: an ordered, immutable collection of items that can be of any data type (tuple)
- Set: an unordered collection of unique items that can be of any data type (set)
- Other: Boolean (bool), Dictionary (dict), NoneType (None)
-
Numbers:
Note: The last point "Other" is an additional category to cover other standard data types not directly mentioned in the original text.### Numbers
- Number data types store numeric values and are created when a value is assigned to a variable.
- There are three numerical types in Python: int (signed integers), float (floating point real values), and complex (complex numbers).
- Python 2 has an additional type, long (long integers, can be represented in octal and hexadecimal), which has been removed in Python 3.
Examples of Numbers
- Examples of int: 10, 100, -786
- Examples of float: 0.0, 15.20, -21.9, 70.2e-12
- Examples of complex: 3+14j, 45j, -67+15j, 101+15j
String
- Strings can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes.
- Strings can be printed as raw strings by adding an r before the string.
- Multiline strings are enclosed with triple-quotes """… """ or '''…'''.
- Strings can be concatenated with the + operator and repeated with the * operator.
- Two or more string literals next to each other are automatically concatenated.
Accessing String Characters
- Strings are arrays of characters, and individual characters can be accessed using indexing.
- Indexing starts from 0, and negative indices can be used to access characters from the end.
- A range of characters can be accessed using slicing.
String Methods
- There are various string methods, including:
- capitalize(): Converts the first character to upper case.
- casefold(): Converts string into lower case.
- center(): Returns a centered string.
- count(): Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a string.
- encode(): Returns an encoded version of the string.
- etc.
Python Casting
- Casting in Python is done using constructor functions.
- The int() function constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float literal, or a string literal.
- The float() function constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal, or a string literal.
- The str() function constructs a string from a wide variety of data types.
List
- A list is a collection which is ordered and changeable.
- Lists are written with square brackets.
- Lists can be accessed, changed, and looped through.
- List methods include:
- append(): Adds an element to the end of the list.
- insert(): Inserts an element at a specified position.
- remove(): Removes an element with a specified value.
- pop(): Removes an element at a specified position.
- sort(): Sorts the list.
Tuple
- A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
- Tuples are written with round brackets.
- Tuples can be accessed, but not changed or looped through.
- Tuple methods include:
- count(): Returns the number of elements with the specified value.
- index(): Returns the index of the first element with the specified value.
Set
- A set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed.
- Sets are written with curly brackets.
- Sets can be accessed, changed, and looped through.
- Set methods include:
- add(): Adds an element to the set.
- remove(): Removes an element from the set.
- pop(): Removes an element from the set.
- clear(): Empties the set.
- union(): Returns a set with the union of sets.
- intersection(): Returns a set with the intersection of sets.
Dictionary
- A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable, and indexed.
- Dictionaries are written with curly brackets.
- Dictionaries have keys and values, and can be accessed, changed, and looped through.
- Dictionary methods include:
- get(): Returns the value of a specified key.
- update(): Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs.
- pop(): Removes an element with a specified key.
- clear(): Empties the dictionary.
Object-Oriented Programming
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python structures programs around objects.
- Objects have properties and behaviors.
- Classes are used to create user-defined data structures with attributes such as class variables and class methods.
Class
- A class is a blueprint for creating objects.
- Classes have public and private class variables and methods.
- Public class variables and methods can be accessed directly, while private class variables and methods can be accessed through public methods.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of programming in Python 3, including variables, data manipulation, operators, and decision making. Understand how to store and use literal values in programming logic.