Python Programming Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main control flow constructs in programming?

Sequence, If condition, and Repetition (Loop/Iteration)

What is the primary purpose of programming instructions?

  • To create a cooking recipe
  • To define a problem
  • To provide instructions to a human
  • To convert inputs into outputs (correct)

In the ransom note problem, what is the output if the ransom note is 'aa' and the magazine is 'aab'?

  • true (correct)
  • false

What data type is assigned to the expression '2.0'?

<p>float</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'type()' function in Python?

<p>To determine the data type of an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Python module? Provide an example.

<p>A Python module is a file containing definitions and statements, such as functions, variables, and instructions. An example is the 'math' module, which provides mathematical functions like 'sqrt()'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property does every Python object possess?

<p>A data type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a data type?

<p>A data type defines the kind of data a variable can hold, the operations allowed on it, and its representation in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the Python data types introduced so far.

<p>Integer, float, string, boolean, NoneType</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions provide information about the object type?

<p>The 'type()' and 'isinstance()' functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes high-level languages from low-level ones?

<p>The level of abstraction provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between interpreted and compiled languages?

<p>Compiled languages are translated into machine code before execution, while interpreted languages are executed line by line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Python is considered a high-level programming language.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the interactive interpreter in Python?

<p>To execute Python code interactively, allowing for quick testing and exploration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you exit the interactive Python interpreter?

<p>You can exit the interpreter by typing 'quit()', 'exit()', or using Ctrl+D.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a REPL?

<p>Read-Eval-Print Loop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way Ipython provides feedback?

<p>copy/paste code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the '<Tab>' key do in Ipython?

<p>It triggers autocompletion, suggesting possible completions based on the input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Ipython how do you run bash commands?

<p>You prefix them with the character '!'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'Jupyter notebook'?

<p>A web-based interactive environment that supports code, text, and visualizations in a single document.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the file extension for Jupyter notebooks?

<p>.ipynb</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by an expression in Python?

<p>A combination of literals, variables, operators, and function calls that evaluates to a single value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of an expression?

<p>Operators, operands, and literals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a statement in Python?

<p>A line (or multiple lines) of code that does something, such as assigning a value to a variable or displaying information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Python script?

<p>A text file that contains a sequence of Python instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you run a Python script?

<p>By using the 'python' command followed by the script's filepath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shebang line?

<p>A line at the beginning of a script, typically <code>#!/usr/bin/env python</code>, indicating the interpreter to use for execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The print function in Python accepts only one argument.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main ways of executing Python code?

<p>Interactively using the interpreter or running a script.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function argument?

<p>A value passed to a function when it is called, providing input to the function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you print something in Python?

<p>You use the 'print()' function, passing the value you want to print as an argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a function, compared to sequential code execution?

<p>Functions allow you to reuse code without rewriting it, improving program structure and making it easier to maintain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Python module?

<p>A file containing Python code (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property does every Python object have?

<p>Every Python object has a type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about Python modules?

<p>Python modules can be imported and used in other programs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the interactive Python interpreter?

<p>The interactive Python interpreter allows executing Python code line by line and provides immediate feedback.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of using IPython over the standard Python interpreter?

<p>IPython offers syntax highlighting, autocompletion, and enhanced copy/paste capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between expressions and statements in Python?

<p>Expressions evaluate to a single value, while statements are code that does something.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an operator?

<p>An operator performs an operation on one or more operands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shebang line in a Python script?

<p>The shebang line specifies the interpreter to use when running the script.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you print something in Python using the print function?

<p>You use the <code>print()</code> function and pass the value or variable you want to print as an argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Programming

Providing a set of instructions for a computer to solve a problem, converting input to output.

Sequence

A list of instructions executed one after another.

Decision

Executing different code depending on whether a condition is true or false.

Repetition

Repeating a set of instructions a certain number of times or until a condition is met.

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Pseudocode

A way to plan program logic using human-readable instructions before writing actual code.

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Python

A high-level programming language created by Guido van Rossum, influenced by previous languages.

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Python 2

Previous version of Python, released in 2000. Final version was 2.7.18 in 2020.

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Python 3

Current version of Python, released in 2008. Introduced changes that made it incompatible with Python 2.

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PEP

Python Enhancement Proposal, a document discussing new features and improvements for Python.

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High-level programming language

A language that provides abstraction from low-level details, making it easier to write and understand code.

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Low-level programming language

A language that works closer to the hardware, giving more control but requiring more technical knowledge.

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Bytecode

Low-level, platform-independent representation of Python source code.

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Python Virtual Machine

A software environment that executes Python bytecode.

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CPython

The default implementation of the Python language engine, written in C.

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REPL (Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop)

An interactive environment to execute Python code line-by-line, providing immediate feedback.

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Module

A file containing Python code that defines functions, classes, and variables.

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Standard library

A collection of modules provided with Python, containing commonly used tools and functions.

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Third-party module

A module developed separately from the standard library, usually for specific purposes.

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Data type

A classification of data that determines its meaning, how it can be stored, and the operations that can be applied to it.

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Function

A reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

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Argument

An object passed to a function as input.

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int

Integer data type, representing whole numbers.

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float

Floating-point data type, representing numbers with decimal points.

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str

String data type, representing text.

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bool

Boolean data type, representing truth values (True or False).

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None

Special 'NoneType' data type, representing the absence of a value.

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IPython

An interactive Python shell with enhanced features, built upon Python interpreter.

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Jupyter

A web-based interface for interactive computing, built upon IPython kernel, allowing to combine code, text, and output.

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Jupyter Notebook

A document that combines code, text, and output, designed for interactive data science and exploratory analysis.

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Code cell

A section in a Jupyter Notebook where you can write and execute Python code.

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Expression

A combination of values, variables, operators, and function calls that evaluates to a single value.

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Statement

A line of Python code that doessomething, like assigning a variable or displaying a value.

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Python script

A plain text file containing Python code, executed in the terminal.

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Shebang line

A line at the beginning of a Python script that specifies the interpreter to use for execution.

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Methods

Functions that are bound to objects, accessed using the dot notation (e.g., string.upper()).

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Docstrings

String literals within functions, classes, or modules that serve as documentation, explaining what the code does.

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Type Hints

Annotations in function definitions that specify the expected types of arguments and return values, helping with static code analysis.

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Positional Arguments

Arguments passed to functions in the order they are defined.

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Keyword Arguments

Arguments passed to functions by explicitly specifying their name, allowing flexibility in order.

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Default Argument Values

Values assigned to function parameters that are used if the corresponding arguments are not provided during the function call.

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Fruitful Functions

Functions that return a useful value, other than None.

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Void Functions

Functions that do not return a useful value, implicitly returning None.

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Namespaces

Collections of names that map to objects, helping to avoid name collisions.

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Local Scope

The visibility of names within the current function's namespace.

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Global Scope

The visibility of names outside any function or class, accessible from every part of the program.

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global Keyword

Used to declare that a variable in a function refers to a variable in the global scope.

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Exceptions

Errors that occur during program execution, interrupting the normal flow of the program.

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Syntax Errors

Errors in the structure or grammar of the code, preventing the program from being interpreted.

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Catching Exceptions

Using the try...except statement to handle exceptions and specify actions to be taken when an exception occurs.

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Return Value

The value that a fruitful function produces and sends back to the caller.

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Tuples

Ordered collections of objects, similar to lists, but immutable (cannot be changed after creation).

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Call Stack

A data structure that keeps track of active function calls in order, helping Python manage the flow of execution.

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Single Responsibility Principle

A design guideline suggesting that functions should perform a single, well-defined task.

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Code Duplication

Repetitive code blocks that can be consolidated into functions to avoid redundancy.

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Immutable

An object whose value cannot be changed after it's created.

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Mutable

An object whose value can be changed after it's created.

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Function Call (or Function Invocation)

The act of executing a function, providing arguments and accepting the return value.

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Function Parameters

Variables defined in a function definition that represent input values.

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Function Arguments

The actual values passed to a function during the function call.

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Function Definition

The code block that defines a function, including its name, parameters, and body.

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Function Body

The sequence of statements that execute when a function is called.

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Built-in Functions

Functions that are provided with standard Python, serving common tasks like printing, calculating lengths.

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Dynamically Typed

A programming language where the type of a variable is determined at run-time, not during compile-time.

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Statically Typed

A programming language where the type of a variable is fixed and checked during compile-time.

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Study Notes

Python Programming Fundamentals

  • Python is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem, converting inputs into outputs.
  • A program is like a cooking recipe, taking ingredients (input) to produce a dish (output).
  • Key programming concepts include: sequence (list of instructions), decision (if-then-else), and repetition (repeating instructions).
  • Python's popularity is prominent in Data Science & Machine Learning, currently.
  • Guido van Rossum created Python around 1990, inspired by Monty Python's Flying Circus.
  • Python 2.0 was released in 2000; Python 3.0 in 2008, introducing changes that were incompatible with older versions.
  • Python uses PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals) for development; new versions are backward compatible.
  • Python code compiles to bytecode, a platform-independent low-level representation.
  • Bytecode is then executed by the Python Virtual Machine (Cpython, the default version is written in C).
  • Python is a high-level, dynamically-typed language; its type of variables can change during program execution.

High-Level vs. Low-Level Languages

  • High-level languages are more user-friendly and abstract computer details.
  • Low-level languages give more control but demand more explicit instructions.
  • Python is considered an interpreted language that compiles into bytecode before running on the virtual machine.
  • High-level languages prioritize readability, while low-level languages prioritize execution speed.

Interactive Interpreter

  • Use python in the terminal to start the interactive interpreter.
  • Use quit(), exit(), or Ctrl + D to close.
  • The interactive interpreter (REPL) allows users to test code and get immediate feedback.
  • The REPL reads, evaluates, and prints, then loops to the next instruction.
  • Modules (e.g. math) extend Python's functionality. Import modules with import module_name.
  • Python supports both positional arguments and keyword arguments.

Data Types

  • Every Python object has a type (e.g. int, float, str, bool, NoneType).
  • Common data types include integers, floating point numbers, strings, Booleans. There is also NoneType.
  • type() function tells the type of an object.
  • isinstance() function checks if an object is of a specific type.

Expressions and Statements

  • Expressions combine values, operators, and function calls to produce a single value. The interpreter calculates expressions.
    • Examples include mathematical operations, function calls, and literals (like "abc").
  • Statements, like assignment (=) and loops, perform actions; expressions often function as statements.
  • A pass statement is a no-operation placeholder.

Running Python Programs

  • Python scripts are saved in .py files.
  • To run a Python script in the terminal, use: python script_name.py
  • Shebang lines like #!/usr/bin/env python direct the interpreter to use the correct Python.
  • Use chmod +x filename.py to make a file executable.
  • Print function outputs the result using print(). It supports multiple arguments separated by commas; optional arguments include end (newline character), and sep (separator used between arguments).

Jupyter Notebooks

  • Jupyter notebooks combines code, narrative text (Markdown), and outputs in an interactive document.
  • Code cells in a Jupyter notebook can be executed individually.
  • Executed code outputs are displayed in the notebook.
  • The IPython kernel, frequently the default, runs the code in a Jupyter Notebook file.
  • JupyterLab is a more modern alternative to Jupyter Notebooks and has enhanced features.

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Related Documents

Python Data Types - First Part PDF
Python Functions PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of Python programming, including key programming principles like sequence, decision, and repetition. It provides insights into the history of Python, its versions, and how Python translates code into bytecode for execution. Test your understanding of Python's foundational elements!

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