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Definition of History

• History was initially defined as records of natural events, but now refers to the chronological record of events.
• History differs from "the past" as it cannot be remade in the present.
• Events in history may be forgotten or have had little impact when they occurred.
• Historical sources can be primary (accounts from someone present) or secondary (accounts from someone not present).
• Sources can be written or non-written.
• Primary sources should be original, presenting new ideas or in their original language.
• A document presented as the first draft or earliest source available is original.
• Primary source testimony is "original" if witnessed firsthand.
• Historians determine if a source is primary or secondary based on the reliability of the person, author, or machine narrating the event.

Historical Criticism

• Historical documents may be questioned for authenticity.
• Documents have been forged to promote claims or create counterfeit documents.
• Forgeries can reveal political, cultural, or biographical information.
• Authenticity can be checked by verifying the date, materials, handwriting, seal, and alignment with the timeline.
• Documents in proper custody, like in a family archive or library, are presumed genuine.
• Historians compare multiple copies to identify the most accurate version and any added or redacted details.
• Historians must assess the credibility of documents by determining what likely happened based on available sources.
• A historical "fact" is "credible after testing...".
• Simple and easily observed phenomena can be seen as "facts" if they do not contradict existing knowledge.
• Testimonies may raise questions about a fact's credibility, which can lead to debates.
• The details of testimony are checked, starting with the author, as well as their ability to tell the truth, competence, mental and physical state, possible bias, willingness to tell the truth, style of writing, and potential inaccuracies.

Effective Historical Thinking

• Sensitivity to multiple causation involves considering human agency.
• Causes are layered, involving both long-term and short-term factors.
• Sensitivity to context requires understanding the social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people's lives and actions in the past.
• Identifying patterns of continuity and change involves looking for change where it's not expected and continuity where change is assumed, change is evaluated over time.

History

• History is list of names, dates, and places
• Chroniclers compile lists of events with commentary.
• Historians record past events and ask questions, finding answers via primary and secondary sources.
• Oral history, while a source, may change over time.
• Past is everything; history is an account of the past.
• History is usually written, witnessed, and involves significant events,.
• History texts record an "accurate" portrayals of the past.
• History books reconstruct the past to inform the present.
• The perception of past events can be changed because of history, and by the qualitative descriptors used by authors
• Historical method - is a systematic account of natural phenomena, or chronological events of humankind
• Historiography – imaginative reconstruction of the past from data derived from the historical method

Historical Sources

• Primary sources are first-hand accounts with original information, such as letters, journals, pictures, speeches, newspapers, creative works, and research data.
• Critique of primary sources should still be unfiltered,
• Secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources, including textbooks, reviews, encyclopedias, and commentaries..

History as a Social Science

• It is a part of the humanities, which emphasizes liberal arts, freedom of thought, and creativity.
• Imagining and creating its narrative cannot be based on make believe but only on evidence
• History emphasizes evidence and analysis.
• External criticism determines document authenticity.
• Internal criticism tests the truthfulness of accounts by comparing other sources.
• Historians contextualize and connect to general history.

History as a Discipline and Peopling of the Philippines

• Traditional knowledge suggests Negritos, Malays, and Indonesians were the Philippines' original inhabitants.
• Beyer's Wave Migration Theory posits that migrants came in waves, archaeological excavations support theories of movement, and Filipino traits are due to immigrant traits, seven distinct migrations occurred via land bridges, and the Philippines was in a clean geographical state.
• Jocano's critique WOM states that cultural and physical developments are not solely due to immigrants, the immigrants' knowledge of their destination is uncertain, and maintaining consistent community patterns over time is doubtful.
• Lack of sources, survival challenges for small groups, and mathematical proof weaknesses are key points
• The Austronesian Hypothesis suggests migration originated from Taiwan, agricultural expansion drove migration, and proposes directional migration southward and there is linguistic emphasis.
• The Nusantao Hypothesis localizes development in Island Southeast Asia, highlights trade networks, cultural exchange, maritime skills, and relies on archaeological evidence

Austronesian Heritage

• Austronesian speaking region is the biggest linguistic region in the world
• Consists of Indonesia, Philippines, Madagascar, Taiwan, Malaysia, Samoa, Javanese, and Hawaii
• Shared cultural traits include matriarchal or bilineal society, taboos, circumcision, tattoos, and similar architecture/aesthetics
• There is shared genetic ancestry among the Malay race and islanders of the Pacific

Austronesian Migration

• 5 thousand years ago one the greatest human migration
• From South China - Taiwan - Philippines, Batanes
• West to Madagascar and East to Easter Islands occurred
• Involved developing methods for crossing the sea
• The Austronesians had boat building skills, double hulled sailing canoes
• Colonized islands of SEA and the Pacific, imposing language on them
• The Austronesian language family has 1200 languages and 350 million speakers
• Belief system found in traditional homes with upper and lower rooms, and shrines for ancestor worship
• Evident in, weaving cloth backstrap looms and chewing practices

Barter Trade and Chinese-Philippine Trade

• Barter can be traced back to 982 AD
• Direct exchange of goods without currency
• It was about meeting mutual needs, relationships bridged gaps in valued goods
• Connected cultures across vast distances, especially between China and the Philippines
• Silk was exchanged for gold, porcelain for beeswax, and more
• Laid the foundation for Southeast Asia becoming cultural and economic exchange hub
• Meetings happened without fixed prices needing trust and hostages as collateral
• "The trade between the Chinese and the Philippine archipelago was particularly robust, thanks to their geographical proximity."
• Pearls, tortoiseshell, and beeswax were sought after.
• Silk, ceramics, and iron tools were brought by Chinese traders
• "These exchanges not only enriched both societies but also introduced new technologies and cultural influences to the archipelago."
• The Chu Fan Chi, written by Chau Ju-Kua in the 13th century, is an important historical source that outlines trade during the Song Dynasty
• The Philippines' location made it an ideal crossroads for trade and ports became centers of exchange

Social Classes in Tagalog Society

• Governance and resource management was framed within social classes.
• Influencing factors: geography and trade routes.
• Datu Class (Maginoo): Elite rulers
• Muharlika: Warrior class
• Timawa: Free men; majority
• Alipin: Dependent class (Namamahay and Sagigili)
• Governance, protection, and community respect falls onto Datu class
• Movement between classes was possible, notably from Alitin to Timawa
• Children inherited social status based on birth order
• Terms like Alipin harm cultural identity when misrepresented.

Social Classes in Visayan Society

• Datu: the head of the Visayan community, exercising authority, settling disputes, and leading in battle lineage, with Sabali who married a datu gaining title.
• Timawa: class of "freemen," privileged and nonslaved.
• Oripon: equates to were spared from battle or were ransomed, but loosely associated with slavery can still hold privileges
• A datu's following or Haop comprised 30 to 100 households
• Villages bongto and hamlets gamuro, formed by multiple haop
• Visayan society's barangay system governed and highlighted a culture founded on responsibility

Tattoo and Body Piercing in Visayan and Kalinga

• The Visayans were called "Pintados" by the Spanish because marks of bravery and high social status
• The body was a “canvas” for their identity markers
• Tugbuk or penis pins enhanced sexual relationships of men and their wives, with more intricate designs indicating wealth
• Earrings called Tosok wealth among women, bravery in soldiers
• The tattooing process, batok or patik, represented rites of passage into manhood that only brave endure
• Each Tattoo had designs for victories, power, authority etc
• Shamans performed rituals that were tied to nature, with ancestors that offered guidance