Bates Eye Examination
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Questions and Answers

The pupillary size changes in response to ______ and to the effort of focusing on an nearby object

light

Which one of these best describes the term 'direct reaction to light'?

  • A light beam shining onto one retina causing pupillary dilation in that eye
  • A light beam shining onto both retinas causing pupillary dilation in both eyes
  • A light beam shining onto both retinas causing pupillary constriction in both eyes
  • A light beam shining onto one retina causing pupillary constriction in that eye (correct)

    • A light beam shining onto one retina causes pupillary constriction in that eye is called direct reaction to light and in the contralateral eye, it is called the _________ reaction to light.

  • Indirect reaction to light
  • Consensual reaction to light (correct)
  • Direct reaction to light
  • Near response

    • Which one of these best describes what happens to the pupils when a person shifts gaze from a far object to a near object?

    <p>Constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the pupillary size changes in response to focusing on a nearby object?

    <p>Constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupil light reaction, constriction, convergence, & accommodations?

    <p>CN III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    changes the shape of the lens & brings near objects into focus

    <p>Pupillary accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system controls pupil constriction?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system controls the dilation of the pupils and raising of the upper eyelids?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Presbyopia (aging vision) is a type of ______ caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age. What is presbyopia commonly known as?

    <p>Hyperopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of presbyopia?

    <p>Loss of elasticity in the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of life does presbyopia typically occur?

    <p>Middle and old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes presbyopia?

    <p>A type of farsightedness caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the term 'presbyopia'?

    <p>A condition where the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus on near objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the term 'myopia'?

    <p>Difficulty with distance vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the term 'hyperopia'?

    <p>Difficulty with near vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of myopia?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sudden painless unilateral loss of vision could be caused by 3 conditions, 1 vitreous hemorrhage from diabetes or trauma, 2 macular degeneration, & 3 ______ detachment.

    <p>retinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a condition that could cause sudden painless unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Optic neuritis, Corneal ulcer, Acute glaucoma, and Uveitis can cause a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions can cause a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Optic neuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions is NOT listed as a cause of sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute angle closure glaucoma is a sudden, painful loss of vision.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute angle closure glaucoma is a gradual loss of vision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gradual vision loss is usually caused by cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration are all conditions that can cause gradual (slow) vision loss.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause gradual slow vision loss?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two eye conditions can cause central vision loss?

    <p>Nuclear cataract and Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the term used to describe the unilateral loss of half of the visual field like seen in stroke patients?

    <p>Hemianopsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the term 'hemianopsia'?

    <p>The unilateral loss of half of the visual field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions is characterized by the protrusion of the eyeball forward?

    <p>Grave's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a hordeolum or sty?

    <p>Warm compresses and eyelid hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the term used to describe a painful, tender, erythematous infection in a gland at the margin of the eyelid?

    <p>Hordeolum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the symptoms of a hordeolum or sty?

    <p>Painful, tender, erythematous infection in a gland at the margin of the eyelid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the NP to take if a patient presents with flashing lights and new vitreous floaters because they could have a retinal tear or detachment ?

    <p>Refer the patient for prompt consultation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of referring a patient for prompt consultation if they have flashing lights and new vitreous floaters?

    <p>To rule out retinal tears or detachments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes a sub-conjunctival hemorrhage due to severe coughing, choking, or vomiting, which increase venous pressure?

    <p>Leakage of blood outside of the vessels, producing a homogenous, sharply demarcated bright red area in the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pterygium is a triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side of the cornea does a pterygium usually grow from?

    <p>Nasal side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause a red eye with a gritty sensation?

    <p>Viral conjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: A red eye with a gritty sensation is seen in viral conjunctivitis and dry eye.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diplopia is caused by palsy of CN III or VI?

    <p>Horizontal Diplopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of palsy of Cranial Nerve III, IV & VI?

    <p>Double vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of vertical diplopia & horizontal diplopia?

    <p>Seeing two images vertically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Vertical Diplopia is caused by palsy of CN III or IV.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Gradual vision loss is usually caused by cataracts, chronic glaucoma, or macular degeneration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Snellen eye chart is used to test central vision acuity?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Myopia (nearsightedness) causes focusing problems for distant vision?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a symptom of myopia (nearsightedness)?

    <p>Blurred distant vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions can cause a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Acute glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the term 'presbyopia' (farsightedness in a middle age or older adult) these ppl cannot see up close, close vision is blurred?

    <p>Blurred near vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes presbyopia?

    <p>A condition where a person sees better when the card is farther away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the definition of legal blindness in the United States?

    <p>Vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The most commonly recognized color vision abnormalities are sex-linked congenital red-green deficiencies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A pterygium is a triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Presbyopia is a type of vision loss caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is the most common type of color vision abnormalities?

    <p>Red-green deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Color vision abnormalities are not linked to gender.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lagophthalmos is a condition where the eyelids fail to close, exposing the corneas to serious damage?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can cause Lagophthalmos?

    <p>Thyroid eye disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some possible causes of Lagophthalmos?

    <p>Neuromuscular palsy, trauma, and thyroid eye disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of presbyopia?

    <p>Loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lagophthalmos can be caused by neuromuscular palsy, trauma, and thyroid eye disease?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes acute narrow-angle glaucoma?

    <p>A sudden increase in intra-ocular pressure due to drainage of the aqueous humor being blocked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acute narrow-angle glaucoma?

    <p>Blocked drainage of the aqueous humor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions can cause a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Acute glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes the term 'acute narrow-angle glaucoma'?

    <p>Sudden, painful loss of vision due to increased intra-ocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acute narrow-angle glaucoma?

    <p>A sudden increase in intra-ocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions can cause a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Acute glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Acute narrow-angle glaucoma is caused by a sudden increase in intra-ocular pressure due to aqueous humor drainage block?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Acute angle closure glaucoma is a gradual loss of vision?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glaucoma is a condition characterized by the preservation of the normal spatial relation between the iris and cornea, along with fully lit iris.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open-angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these best describes anisocoria?

    <p>A difference in pupillary diameter ≥0.4 mm without a known pathologic cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions can cause a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision?

    <p>Acute narrow-angle glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Simple anisocoria is a difference in pupillary diameter ≥0.4 mm without a known pathologic cause

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mydriatic drops should be avoided in patients with head injury and coma?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mydriatic drops should be avoided in patients with suspicion of narrow-angle glaucoma?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for mydriatic drops?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition should be suspected if a patient presents with flashing lights and new vitreous floaters?

    <p>Retinal tear or detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Absence of a red reflex suggests an opacity of the lens such as cataracts?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Open-angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a possible cause of absence of a red reflex?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swelling of the optic disc and anterior bulging of the physiologic cup suggest papilledema, which is optic nerve head swelling associated with increased intracranial pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Papilledema is swelling of the optic disc associated with increased intracranial pressure?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Papilledema causes anterior bulging of the physiologic cup?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these conditions is characterized by swelling of the optic disc and anterior bulging of the physiologic cup associated with increased intracranial pressure?

    <p>Papilledema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age?

    <p>Presbyopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side?

    <p>Pterygium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration is more common but less severe?

    <p>Dry atrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of poor central vision in older adults?

    <p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Macular degeneration only affects peripheral vision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration is more common but less severe?

    <p>Dry atrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Macular degeneration only affects peripheral vision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macular degeneration is more common but less severe?

    <p>Dry atrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of macular degeneration?

    <p>Dry atrophic and wet exudative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Macular degeneration only affects peripheral vision.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Eye Physiology and Disorders

    • Pupillary size changes in response to light and the effort of focusing on a nearby object.
    • Direct reaction to light: a light beam shining onto one retina causes pupillary constriction in that eye.
    • Consensual reaction to light: pupillary constriction in the contralateral eye when a light beam shines onto one retina.
    • Pupillary size changes in response to focusing on a nearby object is called accommodation.
    • The cranial nerve responsible for pupil light reaction, constriction, convergence, and accommodations is the oculomotor nerve (CN III).
    • The parasympathetic nervous system controls pupil constriction, while the sympathetic nervous system controls the dilation of the pupils and raising of the upper eyelids.

    Presbyopia

    • Presbyopia is a type of refractive error caused by a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age.
    • It is commonly known as age-related farsightedness or long-sightedness.
    • The main cause of presbyopia is the loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye, which makes it harder for the lens to focus on close objects.

    Vision Loss

    • Gradual vision loss is usually caused by cataracts, glaucoma, or macular degeneration.
    • Sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision can be caused by optic neuritis, corneal ulcer, acute glaucoma, or uveitis.
    • Acute angle closure glaucoma is a sudden, painful loss of vision.
    • Central vision loss can be caused by macular degeneration.

    Eye Conditions

    • Hordeolum or sty: a painful, tender, erythematous infection in a gland at the margin of the eyelid.
    • Treatment for hordeolum or sty: usually resolves on its own, but warm compresses can help.
    • Pterygium: a triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side.
    • Hemianopsia: unilateral loss of half of the visual field, often seen in stroke patients.
    • Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage: a condition caused by severe coughing, choking, or vomiting, which increases venous pressure.

    Color Vision

    • The most common type of color vision abnormalities are sex-linked congenital red-green deficiencies.
    • Color vision abnormalities are linked to gender.

    Other Eye Conditions

    • Lagophthalmos: a condition where the eyelids fail to close, exposing the corneas to serious damage.
    • Causes of lagophthalmos: neuromuscular palsy, trauma, and thyroid eye disease.
    • Anisocoria: a difference in pupillary diameter ≥0.4 mm without a known pathologic cause.
    • Acute narrow-angle glaucoma: a sudden, painful unilateral loss of vision caused by a sudden increase in intra-ocular pressure due to aqueous humor drainage block.
    • Open-angle glaucoma: the most common form of glaucoma, characterized by the preservation of the normal spatial relation between the iris and cornea, along with fully lit iris.
    • Papilledema: swelling of the optic disc and anterior bulging of the physiologic cup associated with increased intracranial pressure.

    Macular Degeneration

    • Two types of macular degeneration: dry and wet.
    • Dry macular degeneration: more common but less severe.
    • Wet macular degeneration: less common but more severe.
    • Main cause of poor central vision in older adults: macular degeneration.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on pupillary size changes and their responses to various stimuli! This quiz will cover topics such as the effects of light intensity and the effort of focusing on near objects. Challenge yourself and learn more about the fascinating mechanisms behind pupillary size adjustments.

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