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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary functions of the pulmonary system?
What is one of the primary functions of the pulmonary system?
Which muscle primarily facilitates quiet breathing by contracting?
Which muscle primarily facilitates quiet breathing by contracting?
What happens to the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts?
What happens to the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts?
Which of the following conditions would increase the work of breathing?
Which of the following conditions would increase the work of breathing?
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What role do accessory muscles of expiration play during normal breathing?
What role do accessory muscles of expiration play during normal breathing?
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How does airway obstruction affect the work of breathing?
How does airway obstruction affect the work of breathing?
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Which muscle elevates the anterior portion of the ribs during inspiration?
Which muscle elevates the anterior portion of the ribs during inspiration?
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What is a potential consequence of decreased compliance in the lungs?
What is a potential consequence of decreased compliance in the lungs?
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What is the tidal volume (V ^T ^) defined as?
What is the tidal volume (V ^T ^) defined as?
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Which respiratory capacity includes tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume?
Which respiratory capacity includes tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume?
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What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group in the respiratory centre?
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group in the respiratory centre?
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Which respiratory volume represents the air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?
Which respiratory volume represents the air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?
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What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
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Which statement about the ventral respiratory group is true?
Which statement about the ventral respiratory group is true?
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Which of the following is part of the respiratory centre in the brainstem?
Which of the following is part of the respiratory centre in the brainstem?
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What initiates the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles?
What initiates the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles?
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How does carbon dioxide impact the regulation of ventilation?
How does carbon dioxide impact the regulation of ventilation?
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Which structures are included in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Which structures are included in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
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What is the primary function of the alveoli in the pulmonary system?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the pulmonary system?
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What is the role of the parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity?
What is the role of the parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity?
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What distinguishes the pulmonary circulation from bronchial circulation?
What distinguishes the pulmonary circulation from bronchial circulation?
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What is the function of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres in the pons?
What is the function of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres in the pons?
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What type of receptors are activated by noxious aerosols and gases in the lungs?
What type of receptors are activated by noxious aerosols and gases in the lungs?
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Which receptors are primarily involved in preventing excess lung inflation?
Which receptors are primarily involved in preventing excess lung inflation?
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What triggers the rapid shallow breathing associated with J-receptors?
What triggers the rapid shallow breathing associated with J-receptors?
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What do central chemoreceptors primarily monitor?
What do central chemoreceptors primarily monitor?
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How do peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors?
How do peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors?
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What effect does increased size or volume of the lungs have on ventilatory rate?
What effect does increased size or volume of the lungs have on ventilatory rate?
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What is the role of chemoreceptors in respiratory control?
What is the role of chemoreceptors in respiratory control?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary System Functions
- The pulmonary system's primary functions are:
- Ventilation: Moving air in and out of the alveoli
- Gas Diffusion: Exchanging gases between alveoli and blood
- Perfusion: Delivering oxygen-rich blood to the body
Breathing Mechanics
-
Inspiration:
- Diaphragm: Contracts, flattens, increases thoracic cavity volume
- External Intercostal Muscles: Elevate ribs, increase thoracic cavity volume
-
Expiration:
- Passive process: Relaxation of inspiratory muscles, elastic recoil of lungs
- Forced expiration: Use of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
-
Volumes:
- Tidal Volume (V^T^): Air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Maximum air inhaled after tidal volume
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum air exhaled after tidal volume
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation
-
Capacities:
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Maximum air inhaled after tidal volume expiration (V^T^+ IRV)
- Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum air forcibly exhaled after maximum inspiration (V^T^+ IRV + ERV)
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Air left in lungs after normal tidal expiration (ERV + RV)
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total volume of air in lungs after maximum inhalation (V^T^+ IRV + ERV + RV)
Respiratory Center
- Located: Brainstem
-
Components:
- Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG): Controls basic rhythm, receives input from peripheral chemoreceptors and lung receptors
- Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG): Activates during forced breathing
- Pneumotaxic Center: Modifies rhythm, limits inspiration
- Apneustic Center: Promotes inspiration
- Influences: Emotions, pain, disease
Lung Receptors
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Irritant Receptors:
- Location: Epithelium of conducting airways
- Function: Initiate cough reflex, bronchoconstriction, increased ventilation in response to irritants
-
Stretch Receptors:
- Location: Smooth muscle of airways
- Function: Decrease ventilation rate and volume in response to lung stretch (Hering-Breuer reflex)
-
J-Receptors:
- Location: Alveolar septa
- Function: Trigger rapid shallow breathing, hypotension, bradycardia in response to increased pulmonary capillary pressure
Chemical Control
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Chemoreceptors: Monitor blood pH, carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen levels (PaO2)
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Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the brainstem, monitor cerebrospinal fluid pH indirectly
- Stimulated by hydrogen ions (H+) produced from carbon dioxide diffusing across the blood-brain barrier
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Located in the aortic and carotid bodies, directly sense blood gases
-
Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the brainstem, monitor cerebrospinal fluid pH indirectly
-
Impact:
- Increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia): Stimulates chemoreceptors, increases ventilation
- Decreased PaO2 (hypoxia): Stimulates chemoreceptors, increases ventilation
Structure
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Conducting Zone: Moves air from the external environment to the alveoli
- Includes: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
-
Respiratory Zone: Responsible for gas exchange
- Includes: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs, primary site of gas exchange
- Alveolar-Capillary Membrane: Thin membrane surrounding alveoli, allows for gas diffusion
- Pulmonary Circulation: Delivers blood to the lungs for oxygenation
- Bronchial Circulation: Supplies blood to the bronchi and other lung structures
-
Chest Wall: Protects the lungs
- Components: Skin, ribs, intercostal muscles
-
Pleura: Serous membrane lining the chest wall (parietal pleura) and the lungs (visceral pleura)
- Pleural space: Space between the pleural membranes, contains lubricating fluid
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions and mechanics of the pulmonary system, including ventilation, gas diffusion, and the different respiratory volumes. It explores how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles facilitate breathing. Test your understanding of the pulmonary processes.
