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Questions and Answers
What are common side effects of medications that may cause bronchospasms?
What are common side effects of medications that may cause bronchospasms?
Which is a nursing consideration for administering oral medications associated with a strong rotten egg odor?
Which is a nursing consideration for administering oral medications associated with a strong rotten egg odor?
What is the primary action of nasal decongestants?
What is the primary action of nasal decongestants?
Which of the following is a cause of hypercapnia?
Which of the following is a cause of hypercapnia?
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Why should the use of nasal decongestants be tapered off after short-term treatment?
Why should the use of nasal decongestants be tapered off after short-term treatment?
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What is a common clinical manifestation of hypoventilation?
What is a common clinical manifestation of hypoventilation?
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Which muscle primarily aids in the process of breathing?
Which muscle primarily aids in the process of breathing?
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What symptoms can antihistamines effectively reduce?
What symptoms can antihistamines effectively reduce?
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Which condition is associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?
Which condition is associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?
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What is the expected respiratory consequence of severe anxiety?
What is the expected respiratory consequence of severe anxiety?
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What distinguishes orthopnea from other forms of dyspnea?
What distinguishes orthopnea from other forms of dyspnea?
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Cyanosis is primarily a symptom of which condition?
Cyanosis is primarily a symptom of which condition?
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Altered breathing patterns might lead to which of the following conditions?
Altered breathing patterns might lead to which of the following conditions?
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Which herb is considered a potent antibiotic and antiviral, particularly effective after the development of respiratory illness?
Which herb is considered a potent antibiotic and antiviral, particularly effective after the development of respiratory illness?
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What term describes disorders that limit airflow in the respiratory system?
What term describes disorders that limit airflow in the respiratory system?
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Which condition results in fluid accumulation in the pleural space?
Which condition results in fluid accumulation in the pleural space?
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Which vitamin is known to boost the immune system, alongside another common vitamin?
Which vitamin is known to boost the immune system, alongside another common vitamin?
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What is a key pathophysiological change associated with restrictive lung diseases?
What is a key pathophysiological change associated with restrictive lung diseases?
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What condition is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes?
What condition is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes?
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Which of the following causes hypoxia?
Which of the following causes hypoxia?
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What term describes the reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood?
What term describes the reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood?
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Which treatment is typically used for nasal congestion?
Which treatment is typically used for nasal congestion?
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What is the typical contagious period for the common cold?
What is the typical contagious period for the common cold?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with the common cold?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with the common cold?
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What is the role of antihistamines in treating upper respiratory disorders?
What is the role of antihistamines in treating upper respiratory disorders?
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Which medication is primarily indicated for the treatment of throat inflammation?
Which medication is primarily indicated for the treatment of throat inflammation?
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What pH value indicates metabolic alkalosis?
What pH value indicates metabolic alkalosis?
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Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
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For respiratory acidosis, which of the following is a typical PaCO2 level?
For respiratory acidosis, which of the following is a typical PaCO2 level?
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What is the primary treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
What is the primary treatment for metabolic alkalosis?
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Which condition is associated with hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis?
Which condition is associated with hyperventilation leading to respiratory alkalosis?
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What HCO3 level is indicative of metabolic acidosis?
What HCO3 level is indicative of metabolic acidosis?
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In reading an ABG, what does a pH of 7.24 indicate?
In reading an ABG, what does a pH of 7.24 indicate?
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Which treatment is NOT typically used for respiratory acidosis?
Which treatment is NOT typically used for respiratory acidosis?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system consists of structures that enable breathing, gas exchange, and ventilation.
- The chest's anatomy includes major and accessory muscles for inspiration and expiration, such as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
Pulmonary and Bronchial Function
- Pulmonary circulation is crucial for oxygenating blood, and bronchial circulation supplies airways' tissues.
- Mechanics of breathing involve lung elasticity and resistance in airways affecting airflow.
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Disorders
- Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing can be transient or chronic, including symptoms such as exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
- Cough and Sputum: Hemoptysis can indicate underlying issues.
- Hypoxemia vs. Hypoxia: Hypoxemia refers to low oxygen in blood; hypoxia denotes insufficient tissue oxygenation.
Upper Respiratory Disorders
- Common Cold: Mainly caused by rhinovirus, contagious before symptoms manifest and in early stages.
- Acute Rhinitis and Sinusitis: Inflammation of nasal and sinus mucous membranes.
- Symptoms: Nasal congestion, discharge, cough, and increased secretions.
Treatments for Upper Respiratory Disorders
- Antihistamines: Relieve allergic rhinitis symptoms and nausea; can cause drowsiness and dizziness.
- Decongestants: Stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors, reducing nasal swelling and secretion.
- Expectorants, Antitussives: Help manage cough and mucus.
Lower Respiratory Disorders
- Restrictive vs. Obstructive Disorders: Restrictive disorders limit lung volumes, while obstructive disorders limit airflow (e.g., asthma, COPD).
- Pneumothorax: Presence of air in pleural space, affecting oxygenation and ventilation.
- Pleural Effusion: Accumulation of fluid in pleural space leading to loss of lung elasticity.
Pathophysiologic Changes
- Conditions like aspiration, atelectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis contribute to restrictive lung diseases.
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome involves inflammation and severe hypoxemia.
Acid-Base Balance
- Respiratory Acidosis: Caused by hypoventilation or muscle paralysis; treated with ventilation support.
- Respiratory Alkalosis: Results from hyperventilation; managed with rebreathing techniques (e.g., paper bag).
- Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis: Linked to systemic alterations; treatment tailored to underlying causes.
Analyzing ABGs
- pH levels indicate acidosis or alkalosis; corresponding PaCO2 and HCO3 levels determine respiratory or metabolic origins.
- A matching CO2 elevation with low pH indicates respiratory acidosis, while a high HCO3 suggests metabolic alkalosis.
Key Medications and Nursing Considerations
- Monitor vital signs and respiratory status during medication administration; be aware of potential side effects such as drowsiness or tachycardia.
- Use nasal decongestants short-term to avoid rebound congestion effects.
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Description
This quiz covers key aspects of the respiratory system, including its structure, function, and clinical manifestations of various pulmonary disorders. You'll explore topics such as gas exchange mechanisms, dyspnea, and the common cold, enhancing your understanding of respiratory health.
