Pulmonary Surfactant
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the embryo forms the neural tube and continues development within the mesoderm?

  • Somites
  • Endoderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm (correct)
  • Which layer of the embryo gives rise to the cardiovascular system?

  • Mesoderm (correct)
  • Somites
  • Ectoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Which structure divides the superior and inferior mediastinum?

  • Bronchi
  • Trachea
  • Pleura
  • Pericardium (correct)
  • Which system originates from the ventral wall of the primitive foregut endoderm?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms the future lobes of the lungs?

    <p>Bronchial buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures form the bony framework of the thoracic wall?

    <p>12 ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles function in respiration by moving the ribs, thereby changing the volume of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>External intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, subcostal, and transversus thoracic muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ribs articulate with the sternum anteriorly?

    <p>First seven true ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles have attachments to and are superficial to or act as extensions of the thorax?

    <p>Some muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thoracic wall?

    <p>Movement, respiration, and protection of the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures compose the posterior thoracic wall?

    <p>Thoracic vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the thoracic wall?

    <p>Thoracic sympathetic ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the vagus nerve exit the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is particularly at risk during thyroid surgery?

    <p>Left recurrent laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phrenic nerves?

    <p>Provide motor innervation to the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles change the volume of the thoracic cavity for respiration to occur?

    <p>External intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms the inferior border of the thoracic cavity separating the abdomen from the thorax?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the blood to the thoracic wall predominantly from the anterior side?

    <p>Internal mammary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the blood to the lateral thoracic wall?

    <p>Axillary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the blood to the posterior thoracic wall?

    <p>Dorsal scapular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the blood to the head, upper limb, and thoracic wall?

    <p>Brachiocephalic trunk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains blood from the abdomen and lower limbs into the right atrium?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which duct drains the lymphatic system of the whole body, apart from the right upper limb and right side of the head?

    <p>Cisterna chyli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles extend inferiorly in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Quadratus lumborum, psoas major/minor, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are likely to be compressed by a mass in the superior mediastinum near the right brachiocephalic vein?

    <p>Right brachiocephalic vein and right lymphatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can multiple rib fractures resulting in a flail chest alter?

    <p>Normal physiology of the thoracic wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can displacement of the rib internally cause?

    <p>Bleeding within the pleural cavity or lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs when air accumulates in the pleural cavity and shifts mediastinal structures away from the tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Tension pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can pericardial effusion ultimately limit within the middle mediastinum?

    <p>Space available for the heart within the middle mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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