Pulmonary Function Test Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?

  • 7.55 to 7.65
  • 7.35 to 7.45 (correct)
  • 7.25 to 7.35
  • 7.45 to 7.55

    • Which condition is associated with a PaCO2 level greater than 45 mmHg?

  • Hyperventilation
  • Acidosis (correct)
  • Alkalosis
  • Normal condition

    • What position must a patient remain in for about 30 minutes during the procedure?

  • Left lateral position
  • Supine position (correct)
  • Prone position
  • Sitting position

    • What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3) levels in arterial blood?

    <p>21-26 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be assessed for if contrast medium is going to be used?

    <p>Allergies to iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using MRI over x-rays and CT scans?

    <p>More detailed diagnostic images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What SpO2 level indicates hypoxemia?

    <p>Less than 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should a patient maintain NPO status before the procedure?

    <p>4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of performing Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)?

    <p>To assess respiratory function and dysfunction extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT known to affect pulse oximetry readings?

    <p>Skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should cultures for sensitivity tests be obtained in relation to antibiotic therapy?

    <p>Before the initiation of antibiotic therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preparation instruction is essential for a patient before sputum collection?

    <p>Rinse mouth with water prior to collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color would the arterial blood specimen appear after collection for ABG studies?

    <p>Bright red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the culture aspect of Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) testing achieve?

    <p>Identifies the specific pathogens present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indication for performing a PFT?

    <p>Healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should a patient avoid smoking prior to a PFT?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key nursing interventions before performing an ABG?

    <p>Perform Allen’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging method is used to detect pathologic conditions in the lungs?

    <p>Chest X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sensitivity aspect of C&S testing signify?

    <p>Tests which drugs are effective against the pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting a Gram stain in sputum studies?

    <p>To indicate whether bacteria are gram-positive or gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is critical to prevent hemolysis when collecting arterial blood for ABG?

    <p>Place specimen in a container with ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient group requires a PFT to assess potential respiratory issues?

    <p>Patients with a history of respiratory issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) testing?

    <p>To identify effective antibiotics against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered to affect pulse oximetry readings?

    <p>Carbon monoxide poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be avoided by a patient for at least 4 hours before a pulmonary function test?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what color will arterial blood appear upon collection for arterial blood gas (ABG) studies?

    <p>Bright red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sputum studies include which of the following tests to assess for potential tuberculosis (PTB)?

    <p>Acid-fast bacilli tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a patient be instructed to do prior to providing a sputum sample?

    <p>Rinse mouth with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would likely necessitate a pulmonary function test (PFT)?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration after performing Allen's test when collecting arterial blood?

    <p>Immediate placement of sample on ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual timeframe for receiving preliminary results from Culture and Sensitivity tests?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for undergoing a chest x-ray?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What value of pH indicates acidosis in arterial blood?

    <p>Less than 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) would indicate alkalosis?

    <p>Below 35 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood?

    <p>80-100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormality is indicated by bicarbonate levels greater than 26 mEq/L?

    <p>Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient condition requires the use of a pulse oximeter for monitoring?

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with using contrast medium during imaging procedures?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one requirement for maintaining NPO status prior to a chest MRI?

    <p>For 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following techniques is used to monitor oxygen saturation non-invasively?

    <p>Pulse oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What position should a patient maintain during a certain diagnostic procedure?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of imaging is magnetic fields and radiofrequency used instead of radiation?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

    • Assesses respiratory function
    • Determines the extent of dysfunction
    • Monitors response to therapy
    • Used for screening in potentially hazardous industries
    • Administered using a spirometer

    PFT Indications

    • Chronic respiratory disorders
    • Patients about to undergo thoracic and upper abdominal surgery
    • Obese patients
    • Symptomatic patients with a history suggestive of high risk

    PFT Percentage Predicted Value

    • Compares patient performance with an average based on age, gender, race, and height

    PFT Patient Preparation

    • Instruct patient to avoid the following:
      • Smoking for 24 hours
      • Drinking alcohol for at least 4 hours
      • Vigorous exercise for at least 30 minutes
      • Wearing any tight clothing
      • Eating a large meal for at least 2 hours
      • Taking short-acting bronchodilators for four hours
      • Taking long-acting beta-2-agonist inhalers for 12 hours
      • Taking slow-release medicines that affect respiratory function, and theophylline-based drugs for 24 hours

    Factors Affecting Pulse Oximetry Readings

    • Anemia
    • Abnormal hemoglobin
    • Carbon monoxide poisoning
    • Patient movement (shivering)

    Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

    • Identifies pathogens
    • Tests which drugs are most effective against the identified pathogen
      • Sensitive
      • Intermediate
      • Resistant
    • Obtain cultures PRIOR to antibiotic therapy initiation
    • Preliminary results are usually available within 24 hours
    • Final results are available after 48 to 72 hours

    Culture and Sensitivity Specimen Collection

    • Throat swab - useful in detecting streptococcal infections
    • Nasal/Nasopharyngeal swab - Staphylococcus aureus, Influenza
    • Sputum

    Sputum Studies

    • Sputum - thick type of mucus produced in the lungs
    • Gram staining:
      • Rapid method of detecting bacterial infection
      • Indicates whether it is gram-positive or gram-negative
    • Culture and sensitivity
    • Acid-fast bacilli: to test for Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)

    Sputum Collection

    • Obtain early in the morning before intake of food or fluid
    • Instruct patient to rinse mouth with water prior to collection
    • Instruct patient to take a few deep breaths then cough deeply
    • Let patient expectorate sputum into a sterile container
    • Offer oral care

    Arterial Blood Gas Studies (ABG)

    • Assess oxygenation and acid-base balance
    • No special preparation required

    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Specimen

    • Arterial Blood - Bright Red

    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Procedure

    • Radial artery is the most common site for withdrawal of specimen
    • Perform Allen’s Test (Ulnar - Radial blood sufficiency)
    • Use heparinized syringe to draw blood specimen - to prevent clotting
    • Place specimen in a container with ice - to prevent hemolysis
    • If hemolysis occurs, oxygen and carbon dioxide are released and cannot be measured accurately

    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Results

    • Normal - 7.35 to 7.45
    • Acidosis - Less than 7.35
    • Alkalosis - Greater than 7.45

    Chest X-Ray

    • Helps detect densities produced by fluid, tumors, foreign bodies, and other pathologic conditions
    • Contraindication: Pregnancy

    Chest X-Ray Nursing Interventions

    • Inform patients that chest x-rays do not require fasting and are not painful

    Chest CT Scan

    • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
    • Uses narrow-beam x-ray to scan the lungs in successive layers
    • Produces a cross-sectional view of the chest

    Chest CT Scan Nursing Interventions

    • Inform patient that they will be required to remain in supine position for about 30 minutes
    • If contrast medium will be used:
      • Assess for allergy to iodine
      • Monitor kidney function
      • Maintain NPO for 4 hours before procedure or as ordered

    Chest MRI

    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency instead of radiation
    • Produces a more detailed diagnostic image than x-rays and CT scan

    Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)

    • Assesses respiratory function
    • Determines the extent of dysfunction
    • Evaluates response to therapy
    • Used as screening tests in hazardous industries
    • Administered using a spirometer

    PFT Indications

    • Chronic respiratory disorders
    • Patients undergoing thoracic and upper abdominal surgery
    • Obese individuals
    • Symptomatic patients with a history suggesting high risk

    Factors Affecting Pulse Oximetry Readings

    • Anemia
    • Abnormal hemoglobin
    • Carbon monoxide poisoning
    • Patient movement (shivering)

    Culture and Sensitivity (C&S)

    • Identifies pathogens
    • Tests which drug/s are most effective against the identified pathogen
    • Sensitivity categories:
      • Sensitive
      • Intermediate
      • Resistant
    • Cultures should be obtained before starting antibiotic therapy
    • Preliminary results are usually available within 24 hours
    • Final results are available after 48 to 72 hours

    Specimen Types for C&S

    • Throat swab - detects streptococcal infections
    • Nasal/Nasopharyngeal swab - Staphylococcus aureus, Influenza
    • Sputum

    Sputum Studies

    • Sputum is thick mucus produced in the lungs
    • Gram staining: rapid method of detecting bacterial infection
      • Indicates gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
    • Culture and sensitivity
    • Acid-fast bacilli: tests for PTB (pulmonary tuberculosis)

    Sputum Collection Guidelines

    • Obtained early in the morning before eating or drinking
    • Patient should rinse mouth with water prior to collection
    • Instruct patient to take deep breaths and cough deeply
    • Expectorate sputum into sterile container
    • Offer oral care

    Arterial Blood Gas Studies (ABG)

    • Assesses oxygenation and acid-base balance

    ABG Procedure

    • Radial artery is the most common site for specimen withdrawal
    • Allen's Test is performed to assess ulnar-radial blood sufficiency
    • Heparinized syringe used to draw blood specimen
    • Specimen placed in a container with ice to prevent hemolysis
    • If hemolysis occurs, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels cannot be accurately measured

    Normal ABG Values

    Description Normal Value Abnormalities
    pH 7.35 to 7.45 Less than 7.5 (acidosis), Greater than 7.45 (alkalosis)
    PaCO2 35-45 mmHg Less than 35 mmHg (alkalosis), Greater than 45 mmHg (acidosis)
    HCO3 21-26 mEq/L Less than 21 mEq/L (acidosis), Greater than 26 mEq/L (alkalosis)
    PaO2 80-100 mmHg Less than 80 mmHg (hypoxemia)

    Pulse Oximeter (SpO2)

    • Non-invasive method for continuously monitoring oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
    • Probe or sensor is attached to the fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or bridge of the nose

    Chest X-Ray

    • Detects densities produced by fluid, tumors, foreign bodies, and other pathologies
    • Contraindicated in pregnancy

    Chest X-Ray Nursing Interventions

    • Inform patients that x-rays do not require fasting and are not painful

    Chest CT-Scan

    • Uses narrow-beam x-rays to scan the lungs in successive layers
    • Produces cross-sectional images of the chest

    Chest CT-Scan Nursing Interventions

    • Inform patient they will be required to remain in supine position for about 30 minutes
    • If contrast medium is used:
      • Assess for iodine allergies
      • Monitor kidney function
      • Maintain NPO for 4 hours before procedure or as ordered

    Chest MRI

    • Uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency instead of radiation
    • Produces detailed diagnostic images superior to x-rays and CT scans

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    Description

    This quiz assesses your knowledge of Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT), including their indications, patient preparation, and how results are interpreted. It covers key aspects related to respiratory function and monitoring. Perfect for healthcare professionals and students in related fields.

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