Diagnostic Studies: Pulmonary Function Test
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Questions and Answers

During a Pulmonary Function Test, what does spirometry measure?

  • Lung volume
  • Functional capacity
  • Oxygen levels
  • Airflow (correct)

In ABG interpretation, which component is considered to determine if the condition is acidosis or alkalosis?

  • Carbon dioxide levels
  • pH levels (correct)
  • Oxygen levels
  • Bicarbonate levels

What is the primary regulator of acid-base balance in the body?

  • Oxygen levels
  • Renal system
  • Respiratory system (correct)
  • Fastest-Immediate Reaction

What is the buffer system?

<p>Fastest-Immediate Reaction • Primary Regulator • Neutralize Acids • Respiratory and Renal systems must have adequate function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the respiratory system and renal syetm

<p>respiratory Excrete CO2 and H2O • Respiratory Regulation in Medulla//////Renal system Normal Acid elimination • Absorb HCO3 increasing blood PH and decreasing urine acidity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Respiratory Acidosis?

<p>Fix respirations- Bronchodilators -Respiratory stimulants- Drug antagonists -Oxygen- Vent support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

<p>hypoventilation hypoxia, rapid shallow respirations, decreased BP, ski/mucosa pale to cyanotic, headaches, cant catch there breaths, hyperkalmeia, dysrhythmias, drowsiness dizziness disorientation, Muscle weakness hyperreflexia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of respiratory acidosis

<p>respiratory depression, anesthesia, overdose, airway obstruction, alveolar capillary diffusion(pneumonia,COPD,ARDS,PE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intervention is appropriate for treating Metabolic Acidosis?

<p>Treat underlying cause,Raise plasma pH &gt; 7.20 ,Treat underlying cause ,Sodium Bicarb, Follow ABGs ,Continuously monitor patient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes metabolic alkalosis

<p>Vomiting ï‚– NG suctioning ï‚– Diuretic therapy ï‚– Hypokalemia ï‚– Excess bicarb intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are causes of respiratory alkalosis

<p>Hyperventilation ï‚– Hypoxemia ï‚– Pneumonia ï‚– Pulmonary Embolus ï‚– Pregnancy (normal finding) ï‚– Ventilatory settings too high or too fast ï‚– High altitudes ï‚– Liver failure ï‚– Septicemia (fever) ï‚– Stroke ï‚– Overdose of salicylates or progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms

<p>seizures, deep rapid breathing, hyperventilation, tachycardia, low or normal BP, lethary confusion, light headedness, naseua vomitting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can be caused by factors such as hyperventilation and high altitudes?

<p>Respiratory Alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are causes of respiratory alkalosis

<p>hyperventilation, anxiety, PE, FEar, mechanical ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is treatment for respiratory alkalosis

<p>Treat underlying cause, Decrease tidal volume or resp rate ,Pain control/sedation, Breathe into paper bag ,Antidepressants ,Correct Co2 slowly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes metabolic acidosis

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis --Lactic acidosis --Starvation --Diarrhea --Renal tubular acidosis -Renal failure -GI fistulas- Shock- Ileostomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are causes of metabolic acidosis

<p>headache, decreased bp, hyperkalemia, muscle twicthing, warm flushed skin, nasea vomitting diarrhea, changes in LOC, KUSSMAUL RESPIRATIONS(compensatory hyperventilation) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are metabolic alkalosis treatment

<p>Treat underlying cause,, Stop K+ wasting diuretics,, Spironolactone ,,Acetazolamide IV fluids Sodium chloride, Replace K+ ,Monitor Resp rate, Monitor HR ,Seizure precautions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common intervention for treating metabolic acidosis?

<p>Raise plasma pH &gt; 7.20 Treat underlying cause Sodium Bicarb Follow ABGs Continuously monitor patient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may necessitate the use of Spironolactone in a patient with metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Hyperkalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific precaution to follow when providing tracheostomy care?

<p>Use solutions from non-sterile containersï‚– Will require a sterile field ï‚– Will require use of solutions from non-sterile containers ï‚– Will require oxygen and suction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial to schedule tracheostomy care at least 3 hours after a meal?

<p>Assess when patient last ate, schedule care at least 3 hours after meal to decrease risk of vomiting or aspirating stomach contents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed at a trach site as part of tracheostomy care assessment?

<p>Assess trach site for drainage, redness or swelling (indications of infection)Assess patient’s respiratory status prior to care, during, &amp; after. • Respiratory rate, depth, rhythm, breath sounds, color, pulse oximetry (determines whether patient can tolerate trach care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can RNs delegate trach care to unlicensed personnel?

<p>Delegation: established trachs may delegate to unlicensed personnel, but new fresh trachs, RN’s must perform the care and assess (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should only sterile manufacture precut dressings or folded 4X4 be used in tracheostomy care?

<p>To avoid possible aspiration of fibers(Use only sterile manufacture precut dressings or folded 4X4, never use cotton-filled gauze sponge ï‚– EBP: patient may aspirate cotton or gauze fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended suction pressure for adults during tracheostomy care?

<p>Adults 100-150 mm Hg ï‚– Children: 100-120 mm Hg ï‚– Infants: 50-95 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct positioning of the patient during tracheostomy suctioning?

<p>Semi-fowler position,• Suction only when necessary • Use suction catheter no more than ½ size of internal diameter of airway tube • Adjust suction regulator per policy, lowest possible setting to accomplish suction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should suction be applied when removing the catheter during tracheostomy care?

<p>15 seconds---------------• Do NOT force catheter • Do NOT apply suction as you enter the airway • Rotate the suction catheter when withdrawing it • Apply suction as you remove the catheter but no longer than 15 seconds • Avoid saline lavage during suctioning • Repeat suction as needed allowing 30 second intervals hyper oxygenate between passing catheter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken when advancing the suction catheter during tracheostomy suctioning?

<p>Advance no further than carina trachea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to hyperoxygenate the patient prior to tracheostomy suctioning?

<p>To improve oxygen saturation levels before suctioning---• Dominant hand sterile, non- dominant hand unsterile • Sterile hand controls suction tube • Place patient in semi-fowler position • Hyperoxygenate patient prior to suction • Insert catheter gently without applying suction (closing suction opening with thumb) • Advance suction catheter no further than carina trachea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be documented when performing tracheostomy care in relation to the stoma site?

<p>01 Date and time suction was performed 02 Note suction techniques and catheter size used 03 Note color, consistency, and odor of secretions 04 Document patient’s respiratory status before and after the procedure 05 Document patient’s tolerance of procedure and any complications encountered 06 Document any interventions performed to address complications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which detail is essential to note when documenting tracheostomy suctioning?

<p>Catheter size used (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of secretions should be noted during tracheostomy care documentation?

<p>Consistency and odor 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When documenting tracheostomy suctioning, what should be included regarding the patient?

<p>04 Document patient’s respiratory status before and after (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suctioning the tracheostomy

<p>• When suctioning is completed, provide oxygen source • Provide oral care • Reposition patient • Provide for safety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct initial management for epistaxis? involve bleeding from the inside of your nose. Nosebleeds

<p>Sit upright and lean forward and tilt head forwards, pinch tip of nose with two fingers for 15-20 minutes--if bleeding continues use nasal spray (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended method for stopping nosebleeds at home?

<p>topical nasal sprays (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are epistaxis etiology

<p>Dry cracked mucous membranes Trauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are epistaxis interventions?

<p>Sit upright leaning forward-Educate not to blow nose x 48 hrs, avoid nose picking, avoid bending over--Monitor Vitals--Monitor Bleeding--Pack with petroleum or iodoform gauze, Rapid Rhino / small foley cath / nasal tampons-ice packs and pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are medications for epistaxis

<p>nasal saline--antibiotics--silver nitrate for clotting--phenylephrine for clotting---also monitor HGB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathogen responsible for sinusitis? (an inflammation of the tissues in your sinuses (spaces in your forehead, cheeks and nose usually filled with air). It causes facial pain, a stuffy or runny nose)

<p>Bacteria/virus/fungus/--allergies-inflammation of sinus membranes--NG TUBE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool is best suited to evaluate sinusitis-related swelling and inflammation?

<p>Culture for nasal discharge--CT scan, MRI, X-ray, Nasal endoscopy, signs and symtoms to diagnose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical signs and symtoms of nasal discharge in sinusitis?

<p>prulent nasal discharge, fever, generalized fatigue, swelling inflammation and pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is recommended for reducing swelling and inflammation in sinusitis?

<p>Corticosteroids (Flonase) other meds used are (AFRIN) adrenergic nasal spray--analgesics(acetaminophen/ibuprofen)--nasal irrigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-pharmacological measure recommended for managing sinusitis symptoms? INTERVENTIONS

<p>8-10 glasses of water humidifier--warm moist packs--semi fowler position--educate to only use for up to 3 days nasal sprays (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pathos for viral rhinitis(A common viral infection of the nose and throat. In contrast to the flu, a common cold can be caused by many different types of viruses. The condition is usually harmless and symptoms usually resolve)

<p>inflammation of nasal membranes--Virus-rhinovirus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are antibiotics typically used to treat sinusitis?

<p>decongestants-analgesics(acetaminophen,Ibuprofen) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are typical signs and symtoms for viral rhinitis?

<p>localized itching-nasal discharge-sneezing-nasal congestion-fever-sore throat-malaise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interventios for viral rhinitis

<p>fluids, educate why antibiotics are not used--rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diagnostic labs for viral rhinitis

<p>throat culture or rapid flu test--S/sx to diagnose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pathos for pharyngitis(inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. In most cases,)

<p>inflammation of pharnyx-virus-bacteria-beta hemoltic streptococci--highest incidence in ages 4-7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symtoms of pharyngitis

<p>dysphagia-sore throat that is red and swollen--exudate--generalized malaise-fever and chills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to detect Strep Throat?

<p>Rapid Strep Test-throat culture and sensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interventions for pharyngitis

<p>saltwater gargles--rest--fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for pharyngitis caused by bacteria? BTW pharyngitis has white dots in the mouth

<p>Antibiotics (e.g., Penicillin)--acetaminophen--throat lozenges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common pathos of tonsillitis?

<p>Virus--bacteriahighest in ages 4-7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom are typically associated with tonsillitis?

<p>Red &amp; Swollen Tonsils with exudate--myalgia--malaise--fever and chills--pain while swallowing--HA sore throat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diagnostic test for tonsilitis

<p>throat culture and sensitivity--WBC with differential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention are recommended for managing tonsillitis symptoms?

<p>saltwater gargles--tonsilectomy--semi fowlers--monitor for bleeding--keep suction equipment readily available-rest and fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tonsillitis treatment, what role do myalgia and malaise play?

<p>Indicate generalized body pain and discomfort--common meds are acetaminophen and antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic method for confirming influenza?

<p>Throat swab viral throat culture, rapid flu test because of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pathos for influenza and pneumonia

<p>virus--transmitted droplets--transmitted physical contact--avoid aspirin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symtoms for influenza pneumonia

<p>malaise-HA-sore throat-myalgia-cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly recommended as an antiviral treatment for influenza?

<p>Tamiflu--flu vaccines--acetaminophen-- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interventions for influenza and pneumonia

<p>vitals and lung sounds q4h--assess allergies and educate-hand hygiene-preventative measures-fluids--monitor for dehydration--rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of PEFR results being in the Yellow Zone?

<p>Indicates caution and triggers asthma--usually 50% to 80% of personal best (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is associated with Short-Acting Beta-Agonists (SABAs) like Albuterol?

<p>lbuterol • Side Effects: Tremors, anxiety, tachycardia, palpitations and nausea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is Omalizumab (Xolair) used in asthma treatment?

<p>Xolair • Reduces sensitivity to allergens • Used when high doses of corticosteroids does not work • Not a rescue med • SubQ Q2-4 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic range for Theophylline, a bronchodilator?

<p>Bronchodilator • Therapeutic ranges • &gt;20 = toxic • Toxicity s/sx: N/V, rapid HR, seizures, dysrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class can be used as an alternative to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthma treatment?

<p>Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the red mean

<p>eak flow results ï‚– Red Zone ï‚– 50% or less of personal best ï‚– Indicates serious problem ï‚– Definitive action must be taken with health care provider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the green zone mean

<p>Usually 80% to 100% of personal best ï‚– Remain on medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does PEFR measure as mentioned in the text?

<p>Measures the maximum speed of expiration Results are higher when well lower when airflow is constricted Expected value depends on the patients sex, age, and heigh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathos are commonly seen in Bronchiectasis?

<p>secondary to chronic respiratory disorder--dilation of bronchi airways--secretions of pool in dilated areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symtoms of Bronchiectasis?

<p>bloody sputum--inflamed airways--dyspnea--cough--recurrent lower LRI-fever during active infection--copious purulent sputum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are diagnostics for Bronchiectasis?

<p>bronchoscopy--chest x-ray-- ct scan-- sputum cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What iare interventions for Bronchiectasis?

<p>oxygen--prevent infection--CPT--FLUIDS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are meds for Bronchiectasis?

<p>bronchodilators--corticosteroids/leukotrine--ntibiotics--flu and pneumonia vaccines--azithromycin--mucolytic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are pathos for asthma

<p>chronic inflammation of airways--asthma triggers-bronchospams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symtoms for asthma

<p>prolonged expiration--air trapping--dyspnea--cough--chest tightness--wheezing--increased RR--accessory muscle use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are diagnostic test for asthma exacerbation?

<p>PEFR-spirometry--allergy skin testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of measuring Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in patients with asthma?

<p>Gas Exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are medications for asthma

<p>Bronchodilator--inhaled corticosteroids long acting beta agonist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

<p>smoking air pollution industrial chemicals--chronic bronchitis--emphysema-blocked airways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are interventions for individuals with COPD?

<p>High protein, high fat, low carb--smoking cessation--tripod postion-- breathing exercises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signs and symtoms for copd

<p>diminhsed breathe sounds crackles and wheezes--inflammation mucus-barrel chest-chronic hypoxemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diagnostic test for copd

<p>spirometry--ABGS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are medications for COPD

<p>adrenergic and anti cholinergic--corticosteroids--oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic tool used to assess Pulmonary Fibrosis?

<p>Chest x-ray, CT Scan, bronchoscopy, ABGs, Spirometry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is specifically mentioned as an antifibrotic treatment for Pulmonary Fibrosis?

<p>Nintedanib--flu vaccines-oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical finding associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis?

<p>clubbing--inspiratory crackles--fatigue--SOB--cough--flu like symptoms-- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are interventions for this Pulmonary fibrosis

<p>smoking cessation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key pathos experienced by individuals with Pulmonary Fibrosis due to the damage to alveoli?

<p>Scarring and fibrosis of lung tissue.---injury to alveoli = chronic inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>Overproduction of mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily affected by Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>Respiratory system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main genetic nature of Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>Autosomal recessive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological abnormality is commonly observed in Cystic Fibrosis patients related to ion transport?

<p>Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common respiratory complication associated with Cystic Fibrosis that involves the trapping of air in the lungs?

<p>Air trapping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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