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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a chronic obstructive lung disease?
Which of the following is a chronic obstructive lung disease?
- Community-acquired viral pneumonia
- Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage syndrome
- Pulmonary embolism
- Emphysema (correct)
What is the major function of the lung?
What is the major function of the lung?
- Removing oxygen from blood
- Replenishing carbon dioxide
- Maintaining the pH balance of blood
- Replenishing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from blood (correct)
Which condition is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways?
- Asthma (correct)
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural effusion
- Emphysema
What is a common cause of pleural effusion?
What is a common cause of pleural effusion?
What is the major pattern of emphysema?
What is the major pattern of emphysema?
Which type of structures can form in the alveoli, leading to bullae and spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults?
Which type of structures can form in the alveoli, leading to bullae and spontaneous pneumothorax in young adults?
What is a common cause of emphysema?
What is a common cause of emphysema?
What is the characteristic feature of emphysema on macroscopic appearance?
What is the characteristic feature of emphysema on macroscopic appearance?
What can chronic injury such as smoking lead to in the lungs?
What can chronic injury such as smoking lead to in the lungs?
What is a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis?
What is a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis?
Which condition is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and affects approximately 190,000 patients per year in the US?
Which condition is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and affects approximately 190,000 patients per year in the US?
What is the crucial role of neutrophils and their products in the pathogenesis of ARDS?
What is the crucial role of neutrophils and their products in the pathogenesis of ARDS?
What is the effect of interleukin 8 (IL-8) synthesis on neutrophils in ARDS?
What is the effect of interleukin 8 (IL-8) synthesis on neutrophils in ARDS?
What is observed in the acute phase upon histologic examination of lungs in ARDS?
What is observed in the acute phase upon histologic examination of lungs in ARDS?
What role do activated neutrophils play in ARDS?
What role do activated neutrophils play in ARDS?
What occurs in the organizing stage of ARDS?
What occurs in the organizing stage of ARDS?
What are predictors of poor prognosis in ARDS?
What are predictors of poor prognosis in ARDS?
Which component of the normal alveolus is affected by proinflammatory cytokines in ARDS?
Which component of the normal alveolus is affected by proinflammatory cytokines in ARDS?
What shared similarity does ARDS have with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?
What shared similarity does ARDS have with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?
Which type of lung disease includes conditions causing reduced lung volumes with preserved expiratory flow rates?
Which type of lung disease includes conditions causing reduced lung volumes with preserved expiratory flow rates?
What is a characteristic feature of chronic restrictive lung diseases?
What is a characteristic feature of chronic restrictive lung diseases?
What plays a crucial role in causing vascular leakiness and surfactant loss in ARDS?
What plays a crucial role in causing vascular leakiness and surfactant loss in ARDS?
Which structure is the ultimate site of gas exchange in the lung?
Which structure is the ultimate site of gas exchange in the lung?
What is the most common trigger of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
What is the most common trigger of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
Which form of atelectasis occurs due to a failure to breathe deeply, commonly in bedridden patients or those with ascites?
Which form of atelectasis occurs due to a failure to breathe deeply, commonly in bedridden patients or those with ascites?
What is the characteristic feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
What is the characteristic feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
What is the division of the lung for classification of diseases, including the airways, interstitium, and pulmonary vascular system?
What is the division of the lung for classification of diseases, including the airways, interstitium, and pulmonary vascular system?
What is the loss of lung volume leading to inadequate oxygenation and hypoxia called?
What is the loss of lung volume leading to inadequate oxygenation and hypoxia called?
Which form of atelectasis occurs due to an obstruction that prevents air from reaching distal airways?
Which form of atelectasis occurs due to an obstruction that prevents air from reaching distal airways?
What is a severe form of respiratory failure characterized by extensive bilateral injury to alveoli, caused by diverse clinical insults?
What is a severe form of respiratory failure characterized by extensive bilateral injury to alveoli, caused by diverse clinical insults?
Which type of atelectasis is caused by accumulation of fluid, blood, or air within the pleural cavity?
Which type of atelectasis is caused by accumulation of fluid, blood, or air within the pleural cavity?
What is a potentially reversible condition characterized by an inflammatory reaction initiated by pro-inflammatory mediators?
What is a potentially reversible condition characterized by an inflammatory reaction initiated by pro-inflammatory mediators?
What are the smaller airways called that result from the division of the main bronchi?
What are the smaller airways called that result from the division of the main bronchi?
What is the term for a form of diffuse alveolar damage having three forms of atelectasis: resorption, compression, and basal?
What is the term for a form of diffuse alveolar damage having three forms of atelectasis: resorption, compression, and basal?
What is the primary cause of chronic airflow obstruction in severe emphysema?
What is the primary cause of chronic airflow obstruction in severe emphysema?
Which symptom is usually the first to appear in patients with emphysema?
Which symptom is usually the first to appear in patients with emphysema?
What is the classic presentation of emphysema with no 'bronchitic' component?
What is the classic presentation of emphysema with no 'bronchitic' component?
What is the term used to describe the dilation of residual alveoli in response to loss of lung substance elsewhere?
What is the term used to describe the dilation of residual alveoli in response to loss of lung substance elsewhere?
What may occur if a sudden increase in intraalveolar pressure causes alveolar rupture, allowing air to dissect into the interstitium of the lung?
What may occur if a sudden increase in intraalveolar pressure causes alveolar rupture, allowing air to dissect into the interstitium of the lung?
What causes bullous emphysema to produce large subpleural blebs or bullae?
What causes bullous emphysema to produce large subpleural blebs or bullae?
What type of emphysema is characterized by expansion of the lung due to air trapping?
What type of emphysema is characterized by expansion of the lung due to air trapping?
What condition involves dilation of residual alveoli in response to loss of lung substance elsewhere?
What condition involves dilation of residual alveoli in response to loss of lung substance elsewhere?
What type of emphysema is most commonly seen in α1-anti-trypsin deficiency?
What type of emphysema is most commonly seen in α1-anti-trypsin deficiency?
In which form does bullous emphysema produce large subpleural blebs or bullae?
In which form does bullous emphysema produce large subpleural blebs or bullae?
What causes mediastinal (interstitial) emphysema?
What causes mediastinal (interstitial) emphysema?
What is the characteristic feature of emphysema?
What is the characteristic feature of emphysema?
Which lung disease is characterized by an increase in resistance to airflow due to partial or complete airway obstruction?
Which lung disease is characterized by an increase in resistance to airflow due to partial or complete airway obstruction?
What is the distinguishing feature of panacinar emphysema compared to centriacinar emphysema?
What is the distinguishing feature of panacinar emphysema compared to centriacinar emphysema?
Which lung disease involves resorption of hyaline membranes and thickening of alveolar septa by inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and collagen during the healing stage?
Which lung disease involves resorption of hyaline membranes and thickening of alveolar septa by inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and collagen during the healing stage?
What is a characteristic feature of distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema?
What is a characteristic feature of distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema?
Which lung disease affects more than 10% of the US adult population and is the fourth leading cause of death in the country?
Which lung disease affects more than 10% of the US adult population and is the fourth leading cause of death in the country?
What distinguishes obstructive lung diseases from restrictive lung diseases?
What distinguishes obstructive lung diseases from restrictive lung diseases?
What is a common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
What is a common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Which pulmonary disease is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction?
Which pulmonary disease is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction?
What is a distinguishing feature of centriacinar emphysema?
What is a distinguishing feature of centriacinar emphysema?
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Study Notes
- Some alveoli in the lungs have collapsed air spaces, while others are expanded with hyaline membranes.
- The healing stage of lung diseases involves the resorption of hyaline membranes and thickening of alveolar septa by inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and collagen.
- Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified into obstructive (airway) and restrictive diseases.
- Obstructive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis, are characterized by an increase in resistance to air flow due to partial or complete airway obstruction.
- Emphysema is a chronic condition marked by permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.
- Centriacinar emphysema is characterized by the central or proximal parts of the acini being affected, while distal alveoli are spared. It is more common in cigarette smokers and often occurs in association with chronic bronchitis.
- Panacinar emphysema is characterized by uniform enlargement of the acini from the respiratory bronchiole to the terminal blind alveoli. It is more common in the lower lung zones and is associated with α1-anti-trypsin deficiency.
- Distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema involves the distal part of the acinus being primarily affected. It is more severe in the upper half of the lungs and occurs adjacent to areas of fibrosis, scarring, or atelectasis.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a grouping of obstructive lung diseases that affects more than 10% of the US adult population and is the fourth leading cause of death in the country.
- COPD is characterized by largely irreversible airflow obstruction, while asthma, which is also a pulmonary disease, is characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.
- COPD can be caused by tobacco smoke and air pollutants, while asthma can be caused by immunologic or undefined causes.
- Emphysema can occur without chronic bronchitis, but the two diseases often coexist due to their common cause, cigarette smoking.
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