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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason to minimize exertion during descent in cases of hypoxemia?
What is the primary reason to minimize exertion during descent in cases of hypoxemia?
What is the mainstay of treatment for individuals experiencing hypoxemia during diving?
What is the mainstay of treatment for individuals experiencing hypoxemia during diving?
Which law imposes limitations on divers during their dive?
Which law imposes limitations on divers during their dive?
In diving, what could cause pulmonary barotrauma related to SCUBA diving?
In diving, what could cause pulmonary barotrauma related to SCUBA diving?
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What might happen if a diver ascends while holding their breath?
What might happen if a diver ascends while holding their breath?
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What is the term used to describe the introduction of gas into surrounding tissues and/or blood vessels due to lung overexpansion?
What is the term used to describe the introduction of gas into surrounding tissues and/or blood vessels due to lung overexpansion?
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Why must a diver ensure exhalation when returning to the surface?
Why must a diver ensure exhalation when returning to the surface?
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What action may help temporarily manage a patient during a technically difficult or delayed descent?
What action may help temporarily manage a patient during a technically difficult or delayed descent?
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What is the most common complication in serious envenomations?
What is the most common complication in serious envenomations?
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What is the primary treatment for brown recluse envenomation in uncomplicated bites?
What is the primary treatment for brown recluse envenomation in uncomplicated bites?
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Where do Black Widows prefer to spin their webs?
Where do Black Widows prefer to spin their webs?
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What triggers most Black Widow bites?
What triggers most Black Widow bites?
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How do many Black Widow bites typically manifest initially?
How do many Black Widow bites typically manifest initially?
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What are the potential symptoms of a serious Black Widow bite?
What are the potential symptoms of a serious Black Widow bite?
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Why is early excision not recommended in cases of necrotic ulceration from a brown recluse bite?
Why is early excision not recommended in cases of necrotic ulceration from a brown recluse bite?
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What is the key component in the treatment of brown recluse envenomation in uncomplicated bites apart from routine wound care?
What is the key component in the treatment of brown recluse envenomation in uncomplicated bites apart from routine wound care?
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What are the physical signs and symptoms of pulmonary barotrauma?
What are the physical signs and symptoms of pulmonary barotrauma?
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Which condition can be symptomless or present with chest discomfort and difficulty swallowing?
Which condition can be symptomless or present with chest discomfort and difficulty swallowing?
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What can result from overinflation or barotrauma in divers?
What can result from overinflation or barotrauma in divers?
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Which symptoms can air-gas emboli reaching the coronary arteries present as?
Which symptoms can air-gas emboli reaching the coronary arteries present as?
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Which type of treatment is recommended for stabilizing a diver with basic and advanced cardiac life support?
Which type of treatment is recommended for stabilizing a diver with basic and advanced cardiac life support?
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When should intubation be performed in divers experiencing overinflation injuries?
When should intubation be performed in divers experiencing overinflation injuries?
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What is a common symptom associated with a pneumothorax?
What is a common symptom associated with a pneumothorax?
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What is the first step that should be taken when treating a diver with pulmonary barotrauma?
What is the first step that should be taken when treating a diver with pulmonary barotrauma?
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What is the recommended treatment for a bite from a bat, skunk, raccoon, or fox in the United States?
What is the recommended treatment for a bite from a bat, skunk, raccoon, or fox in the United States?
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In the case of previous immunization, what is the typical treatment for a bite from a rabies-infected animal?
In the case of previous immunization, what is the typical treatment for a bite from a rabies-infected animal?
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What is the treatment protocol for unimmunized patients bitten by a rabies-infected animal?
What is the treatment protocol for unimmunized patients bitten by a rabies-infected animal?
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Where should the dose of the rabies vaccine be given in relation to the human rabies immune globulin?
Where should the dose of the rabies vaccine be given in relation to the human rabies immune globulin?
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What is the additional treatment for unimmunized patients bitten by a rabies-infected animal besides vaccines?
What is the additional treatment for unimmunized patients bitten by a rabies-infected animal besides vaccines?
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In what scenario is prophylactic antibiotics not recommended for a bite from a rabies-infected animal?
In what scenario is prophylactic antibiotics not recommended for a bite from a rabies-infected animal?
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What is the proper course of action concerning a human bite to the breast with no signs of cellulitis?
What is the proper course of action concerning a human bite to the breast with no signs of cellulitis?
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"Infiltrating as much of that dose around the wound as possible" refers to which treatment method?
"Infiltrating as much of that dose around the wound as possible" refers to which treatment method?
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What is the primary treatment for mild cases of pneumomediastinum?
What is the primary treatment for mild cases of pneumomediastinum?
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What is the recommended timeframe for completing treatment of arterial gas embolism related to pulmonary barotrauma?
What is the recommended timeframe for completing treatment of arterial gas embolism related to pulmonary barotrauma?
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What does tension pneumothorax mandate in terms of treatment?
What does tension pneumothorax mandate in terms of treatment?
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What are some risk factors for drowning as mentioned in the text?
What are some risk factors for drowning as mentioned in the text?
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When should recompression therapy ideally be done according to the text?
When should recompression therapy ideally be done according to the text?
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What can be initiated in persons experiencing hypoxia in relation to pneumomediastinum?
What can be initiated in persons experiencing hypoxia in relation to pneumomediastinum?
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In what condition should chest tube thoracostomy be done according to the text?
In what condition should chest tube thoracostomy be done according to the text?
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What is a common misconception about drowning management according to the text?
What is a common misconception about drowning management according to the text?
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Study Notes
Descent and Pulmonary Barotrauma
- Minimize exertion during descent to prevent worsening of hypoxemia and increasing metabolic demands on the body.
- Oxygen therapy may alleviate symptoms and help temporize the patient if descent is delayed or technically difficult.
Pulmonary Barotrauma
- Caused by lung overexpansion when a diver returns to the surface without exhaling or when air becomes trapped in the lung.
- Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are inversely related, resulting in decreased lung volume at increased pressure and increased volume at decreased pressure.
- Holding breath and ascending can cause over-pressurization, leading to pulmonary overinflation syndrome or pulmonary barotrauma.
- Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea, choking, change in voice, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, cyanosis, respiratory failure, loss of consciousness, and cardiac arrest.
Complications of Pulmonary Barotrauma
- Pneumomediastinum can be symptomless or cause chest discomfort, substernal chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, change in voice, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing.
- Overexpansion injuries include pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, and arterial gas embolism.
- Air-gas emboli can cause acute myocardial infarction with chest pain, chest pressure, pain radiating to the neck, shoulders, back, or jaw.
Treatment of Pulmonary Barotrauma
- Stabilize the diver with basic and advanced cardiac life support.
- Administer supplemental oxygen and intravenous access.
- Intubate patients with unstable airway or persistent hypoxia despite breathing 100% oxygen.
- Treat with crystalloid intravenous fluid for hydration.
Black Widow Spider Bite
- Most bites result in minimal symptoms and produce no severe damage.
- Perception of the bite is usually as a sharp pinprick-like sensation, which may develop into a dull ache or numbness at the site.
- Serious reactions may manifest as severe muscle spasms and pain in the chest, abdomen, and lower back.
- Treatment includes wound care, and rabies vaccine and immune globulin administration when necessary.
Rabies Prophylaxis
- Treatment involves dosing with human diploid cell vaccine or purified chick embryo cell vaccine injected intramuscularly on days 0, 3, 7, and 14, and on day 28 if the individual is immunosuppressed.
- Human rabies immune globulin is administered at a site distant from the vaccine injection site.
Drowning
- Risk factors include head trauma, seizure, cardiac arrhythmia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, alcohol and drug use, suicide, myocardial infarction, panic attack, depression, poor judgement, natural disaster, and scuba diving.
- All drownings are managed and treated essentially the same.
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Description
This quiz covers the impact of exertion during descent in SCUBA diving, the importance of oxygen therapy, and the mainstay of treatment in case of pulmonary barotrauma. Learn about managing hypoxemia and symptoms related to diving incidents.
